Gender differences in pain

A literature survey reveals clear evidence of sex differences in the incidence of painful conditions and their severity, both being greater in women. The possible causes of this sexual dimorphism are discussed. Sex-role stereotyping may be relevant and there is evidence to indicate that, perhaps through their roles as carers, women seek and utilize more medical services than men. Less clear-cut evidence for anatomical and physiological differences is reviewed, together with documentation of hormonal (and reproductive cycle) influences on the operation of those systems.