Executive functions in individuals with intellectual disability |
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| Authors: | Henrik Danielsson Lucy Henry Jerker Rönnberg Lars-Göran Nilsson |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping, Sweden;2. Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Linköping University, Sweden;3. Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden;4. London South Bank University, London, UK;5. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;6. Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Movement Studies Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;2. Motor Control Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA;3. Cognition and Skill Acquisition Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;1. Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy;2. President of the Italian Association for Learning Disabilities (AIRIPA), Italy;3. Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;4. Department of Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;1. School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;2. Centre for Developmental Psychology & Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;3. Department of Psychology, Durham University, England, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | The aim of the present study was to investigate executive functions in adults with intellectual disability, and compare them to a closely matched control group longitudinally for 5 years. In the Betula database, a group of adults with intellectual disability (ID, n = 46) was defined from measures of verbal and non-verbal IQ. A control group, with two people for every person with intellectual disability (n = 92), was chosen by matching on the following criterion in order of priority: IQ higher than 85, age, sex, sample, level of education, and years of education. Three types of tasks of executive functions were included on two occasions, with 5 years between testing sessions: The Tower of Hanoi, executively loaded dual task versions of word recall, and verbal fluency. Adults with ID showed significant impairments on verbal fluency and on the executively loaded dual task word recall task (at encoding but not at recall). There were no group differences on the Tower of Hanoi. No significant differences between the two test occasions were found. The results are interpreted in terms of individuals with ID having problems with speed of accessing lexical items and difficulties with working memory-related executive control at encoding, which includes shifting between tasks. There are, however, not necessarily problems with inhibition. The dual task results additionally imply that the adults with intellectual disability were more sensitive to strategy interruptions at encoding, but that dividing attention at recall did not have such detrimental effects. |
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