Self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in older African-American adults |
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| Authors: | Tené T Lewis Allison E Aiello Sue Leurgans Jeremiah Kelly Lisa L Barnes |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA;2. School of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;3. Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA;4. Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA;5. Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA;6. Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA;1. Center for Family Research, Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;2. Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;3. Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois;1. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States;2. Division of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States;3. Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States;4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States;1. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona;2. T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona;1. Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;2. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;3. School of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;1. Department of Biostatistics, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York University, United States;2. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, United States;1. T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, 850 South Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;2. Department of Human Development & Family Studies, The University of Alabama, 226 Child Development Research Center, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA |
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| Abstract: | Self-reported experiences of “everyday” discrimination have been linked to indices of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality and findings have been particularly pronounced for African-American populations. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, is a known correlate of cardiovascular and other health outcomes and has also been linked to several psychosocial processes. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the association between experiences of discrimination and CRP. We examined the cross-sectional association between self-reported experiences of discrimination and CRP in a sample of 296 older African-American adults (70% female, mean age = 73.1). Experiences of discrimination were assessed with the 9-item everyday discrimination scale and CRP was assayed from blood samples. In linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and education, experiences of discrimination were associated with higher levels of CRP (B = .10, p = .03). This association remained significant after additional adjustments for depressive symptoms (B = .10, p = .04), smoking, and chronic health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, hypertension) that might influence inflammation (B = .11, p = .02). However, results were attenuated when body mass index (BMI) was added to the model (B = .09, p = .07). In conclusion, self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with higher levels of CRP in older African-American adults, although this association is not completely independent of BMI. |
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