Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and adults with autism and intellectual disability: A representative study in one county in Norway |
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| Authors: | Trine L. Bakken Sissel B. Helverschou Dag E. Eilertsen Trond Heggelund Even Myrbakk Harald Martinsen |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Oslo University Hospital, PPU, Dikemark, 1385 Asker, Norway;2. University of Oslo, Norway;3. Nordlandssykehuset Hospital, Norway;1. I.R.C.C.S. Children''s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;2. The Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1920 Briarcliff Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;3. L.U.M.S.A., Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Piazza delle Vaschette 101, 00193 Rome, Italy;1. Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I.R.C.C.S. Children''s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy;2. Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Italy;1. Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, M5S 1V6, Canada;2. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, M6J 1H4, Canada;3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 27 King''s College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada;4. Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada;1. Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK;2. NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK;1. National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;2. Michigan State University, USA |
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| Abstract: | Few studies assess psychiatric disorders in representative samples of individuals with autism and ID. Symptoms of autism and psychiatric disorders have been confounded. PAC, a conceptually analysed and validated screening instrument, was used.AimsAssess prevalence of psychiatric disorders in individuals with intellectual disability only (ID-only) and with combination of autism and ID (autism). Sixty-two (autism) and 132 (ID-only) participants were screened for psychiatric disorders with the Psychopathology in Autism Checklist (PAC); included general adjustment problems (GAP), and severe adjustment problems (SGAP) in one county in Norway. Psychosis, depression, anxiety, and OCD were addressed. Both SGAP and a high psychiatric disorder score were required to screen a psychiatric disorder. “Diagnostic overlap” was defined as more than one psychiatric disorder concurrent with autism.Psychiatric disorders and SGAP were found to be high both in the autism (53.2%) and ID-only group (17.4%). More than 50% of the autism and approximately 20% of ID-only group had SGAP. The differences were significant. The autism–psychiatric disorder interaction was significant. The largest differences between the prevalence in the autism and the ID-only group were shown in individuals with anxiety. The majority of the individuals in both study groups were afflicted with more than one psychiatric disorder. About 60% were found to have more than one disorder. The individuals with more severe psychiatric symptoms had higher degrees of diagnostic overlap. Having an intellectual disability seem to imply high risk for developing adjustment problems, and it seems especially difficult for individuals with autism to master every-day challenges. |
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