大蒜多糖近10年在化学、工艺质量、药理及应用方面的总结

目的:大蒜作为传统的调味品,同时具有良好的药用价值,属药食两用中药。传统上,大蒜主要用于消肿、解毒、杀虫;现代研究表明,大蒜在防治肿瘤、缓解三高、降低胆固醇以及延缓衰老等方面都有良好的药理活性,受到了众多学者青睐。大蒜主要含有蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素[其不稳定,分解生成小分子硫化物,主要包括二丙烯三硫化物(DATS),二烯丙基二硫化物(DADS),二烯丙基硫化物(DAS)等,这些成分也是大蒜油的主要成分],蒜氨酸酶、大蒜挥发油、大蒜皂苷、大蒜多糖、微量元素等;其中,大蒜多糖是大蒜中一类重要的化学成分,它也是大蒜药效的物质基础之一。大蒜多糖相对分子质量在9~10 k Da,属于小分子杂多糖,水解发现其主要含有果糖、葡萄糖等,质量控制主要为检测总多糖和多糖分解后的单糖含量;大蒜中大蒜多糖的含量在70%以上;提取方法主要有回流提取法、超声提取法、酶法等。大蒜多糖具有增强免疫、抗氧化、抗病毒、保肝、保护心肌、防止心肌纤维化等多种生物活性,可开发成药品与保健品;除此之外,它还可以作为食品原辅料,用于食品生产。因此,大蒜多糖具有重要的研究价值和开发利用前景。本文就近10年对大蒜多糖的组成、提取纯化方法、含量测定、药理活性、应用等内容进行了全面归纳总结,为其深入研究开发利用提供一定的参考。

Research Progress of Garlic Polysaccharide in Chemical, Process Quality, Pharmacology and Application in Past Decade

Objective: Garlic is a traditional condiment and traditional Chinese medicine, with a good medicinal value. Traditionally, garlic is mainly used for detumescence, detoxification and sterilization. Modern researches showed that garlic is favored by many scholars because of its good pharmacological activities in preventing and treating tumor, reducing hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and cholesterol, and anti-aging. Garlic mainly contains alliin, garlic neuraminidase, naphtha, saponins, polysaccharides and trace elements. Among them, garlic polysaccharide is one of important chemical components, and one of pharmacodynamic material bases of garlic. With a relative molecular mass ranging between 9-10 kDa, garlic polysaccharide belongs to a type of small molecule heteropolysaccharide. According to hydrolysis, it mainly contains fructose and glucose. Quality control mainly aims to detect total polysaccharide and decomposed monosaccharide content. Garlic polysaccharide content is more than 70%, and can be extracted through refluxing extraction, ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic method. Garlic has such biological activities as enhancement immunity, antioxidation, antivirus, liver protection, myocardial protection, prevention of myocardial fibrosis, and can be developed into healthcare products and medicines. In addition, it can also be used as raw materials in food production. Therefore, it has an important research value and exploitation prospect. The paper has summarized garlic polysaccharide''s composition, method of extraction and purification, content determination, pharmacological activity and application, in order to provide a reference for further research, development and utilization.