The effect of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on adolescent and adult ADHD symptoms and educational attainment: A longitudinal study |
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| Authors: | E. Kiive J. Harro |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Department of Psychology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark;1. Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne (CMME), 100, rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France;2. Inserm U894, University Paris-Descartes, Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2ter, rue d’Alesia, 75014 Paris, France;3. Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne (SHU), 100, rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France;4. Pôle de psychiatrie, université Lille-Nord de France, CHRU de Lille, hôpital Michel-Fontan, 59037 Lille cedex, France;5. Inserm U1061, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;6. Inserm U669, Paris XI University, Psychiatry Department of Bicetre, University Hospital, AP–HP, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France;7. CHU Clermont-Ferrand, BP 69, Clermont Université, université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand cedex 01, France;1. Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, ?alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;2. Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, ?alata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;3. Department of Physical Chemistry, Ru?er Bo?kovi? Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;4. Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;1. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel;2. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel;3. The Emotion-Cognition Research Center, The Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, PO Box 94, Hod-Hasharon, Israel;4. Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel;5. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States;1. Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;2. Fondazione IRCCS “Ca’ Granda” Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Department of Medical-Surgical Pathophysiology and Transplants Section of Neurosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy;3. Pychiatric Hospital “Villa Santa Chiara”, Verona, Italy;4. Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil;5. Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (MA), USA |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionThe purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the relationship between the 5-HTTLPR genotype, symptoms of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood, and educational attainment in a population representative sample. Neuroticism, depressive symptoms and general mental abilities were controlled for as possible confounding factors.MethodsADHD symptoms were reported at age 15 and 18 by teachers using the Hyperactivity Scale of af Klinteberg and SNAP-IV, and self-reported at age 25 using the ASRS. Data about education were reported at age 25.ResultsAt age 15, subjects with the l/l genotype had more concentration difficulties compared to s-allele carriers, and they also had more inattention symptoms according to SNAP-IV at age 18. These results were not altered by taking neuroticism or depressive symptoms into account. No 5-HTTLPR genotype effect on self-reported ADHD symptoms at age 25 was found. Inattention symptoms in adolescence were associated with lower education in young adulthood. The proportion of subjects with higher education at age 25 was significantly larger among s/s genotype compared to the l/l or s/l genotype.ConclusionsThe l/l genotype of the 5-HTTLPR is associated with inattentive symptoms during adolescence in the general population, and increases the likelihood of inferior educational level in young adulthood. |
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