Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses of the barcoding region suggest geographical relationships among Blastocystis sp., ST3 in humans

Blastocystis sp., has 21 distinct subtypes of which ST3 thought to be the most prevalent subtype. This study aims to analyze the global variations of ST3. In total, 496 sequences with more than 400 nucleotides from Asia, Europe, Africa, and America were included in this study. Results show that allele 34 was the most prevalent allele in all continents. The lowest and highest allele diversity were observed in Europe and Africa, respectively. The nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.0077 in Europe to 0.02 in Africa, and haplotype diversity ranged from 0.461 in America to 0.6 in Africa. The haplotype network and Bayesian structure showed at least two major clusters including Asia and Europe-Africa-America. Tajima's D values for all continents were negative and statistically significant, indicating an excess of rare nucleotide variants. Similarly, the Fu's FS test showed negative values for all regions, indicating an excess of rare haplotypes. Pairwise F_ST exhibited a high genetic differentiation between Asia and other continents. Mismatch analysis for all populations showed a unimodal distribution. Our findings indicate that there are two probable major clusters of Blastocystis sp. ST3, a cluster which is shared between Europe, Africa, and America, and a cluster which is restricted to Asia.