Effect of gamma radiation on the physicochemical properties of ciprofloxacin in solid state |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;2. Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;4. The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;5. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia;3. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;4. School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;5. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;1. Université Paris-Sud, EA 401, IFR 141, Faculté de pharmacie, F-92296 Châtenay Malabry, France;2. Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8622, Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale (IEF), F-91400 Orsay, France;3. Université Versailles, IREM CNRS UMR 8637, Institut Lavoisier, F-78035 Versailles, France;1. Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Biohealth Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea;6. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Republic of Korea;7. Ministry of Employment and Labor, Republic of Korea;8. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Work Environment, Helsinki, Finland |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of ciprofloxacin (CF) in solid state as a model drug. Powder of CF has been subjected to different irradiation doses: 0, 15, 25, 50 and 100 kGy from Cobalt-60 source in a Gammacell-220 at a rate of 1.15 Gray/s. The effect of radiation has been investigated using DSC, IR, spectrophotometric scanning and X-ray. The impact of irradiation on drug dissolution was also investigated. In addition, the irradiated samples were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). All irradiated samples showed chemical stability upon irradiation at the used irradiation doses. The DSC thermogram showed no change in the melting point (266 °C) indicating that the CF identity existed. These findings were also supported by the existence of the ciprofloxacin principal absorption bands in the IR spectra at frequencies 1,616, 1,498 and 2,845 per cm for C = O stretching band of quinolone, C-N stretching band and N-C stretching band. The decrease in the enthalpy by increasing the dose of irradiation attributed the change in crystalline ciprofloxacin to a more amorphous form. The X-ray diffraction patterns of irradiated powder showed a lesser degree of crystallinity as evidenced by fewer peaks of lower intensity compared with the non-irradiated sample. The characteristics of diffraction peaks relevant to crystalline CF virtually disappeared by increasing the dose of radiation from 15 to 100 kGy. This was also clearly demonstrated by SEM photomicrography. The rate of dissolution of CF samples was increased upon irradiation where irradiation at 100 kGy dose showed the fastest dissolution rate while non-irradiated drug samples showed the slowest dissolution rate. It was also observed that CF powder changed in color with color intensity depending on the irradiation dose. Color change is suggested to be due to surface changes in powder samples. This was verified by spectrophotometric scanning of dissolved powder from both irradiated and non-irradiated samples where no trace of any peaks was noticed in the visible range indicating that no radiolytical intermediates responsible for color change were formed during the irradiation. Thus it could be concluded that, although there were important changes in CF powder physical properties upon exposure to different doses of irradiation, the drug was chemically stable. |
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