Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-carbamate-linked and 2'-carbonate-linked prodrugs of paclitaxel: selective activation by the tumor-associated protease plasmin

The nontoxic paclitaxel-2'-carbamate prodrugs 2-5 and paclitaxel-2'-carbonate prodrug 6 were synthesized and tested for activation by the tumor-associated enzyme plasmin. A generally applicable method for the synthesis of paclitaxel-2'-carbamates was developed. In buffer solution, prodrug 2, which contained an unsubstituted ethylenediamine spacer, was not stable, whereas prodrugs 3-6 were highly stable. Prodrugs 3-6 showed on average a decrease in cytotoxicity of more than 8000-fold in comparison with the parent drug in seven human tumor cell lines. Prodrugs 5 and 6 are the most nontoxic prodrugs of paclitaxel that yield the free parent drug upon selective activation currently reported. Enzyme hydrolysis and spacer elimination rates were determined by incubation of prodrugs 5 and 6 in the presence of human plasmin. From these results, prodrug 6 was selected as the promising prodrug for further in vivo studies.