Prenatal and postnatal psychological symptoms of parents and family functioning: the impact on child emotional and behavioural problems |
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Authors: | Fleur P Velders Gwen Dieleman Jens Henrichs Vincent W V Jaddoe Albert Hofman Frank C Verhulst James J Hudziak Henning Tiemeier |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(2) The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(3) Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(4) Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(5) Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(6) Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine and Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA;(7) Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; |
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Abstract: | Although relations of various parental psychological problems and family functioning with child development are well documented,
it remains unclear whether specific prenatal or specific postnatal risk factors are independently associated with child emotional
and behavioural problems, or whether observed associations can be explained by general parental psychopathology. Using a stepwise
approach, we examined the effects of prenatal and postnatal parental depressive symptoms, prenatal and postnatal hostility
of the parents, as well as prenatal family functioning on the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems. This study
was embedded in Generation R: a population-based cohort from foetal life onwards. Mothers and fathers of 2,698 children provided
information about depressive symptoms, symptoms of hostility and family functioning during pregnancy and 3 years after birth.
Mother and father each reported on child behaviour when the child was 3 years old. Parental depressive symptoms increased
the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems, but this increase was explained by postnatal parental hostile behaviour.
Postnatal symptoms of hostility of mothers (OR = 1.34, p value <0.001) and postnatal symptoms of hostility of fathers (OR = 1.30, p value <0.001) each contributed independently to the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems. Postnatal parental
hostility is associated with an increased risk of child emotional and behavioural problems, independent of parental depressive
symptoms. These findings suggest that prevention and intervention strategies should focus on psychological symptoms of both
mothers and fathers, in particular on hostile behaviour, in families with young children. |
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