心内膜心肌活检439例次的安全性分析

目的 回顾性分析心内膜心肌活检(EMB)的主要和次要并发症,提供EMB的安全性信息.方法 入选阜外心血管病医院2004年5月至2008年11月的439例次右心室EMB病例.采用Cordis公司改良的长45 cm的Caves-Shulz一次性活检钳,透视下,从右颈内静脉入径行右心室室间隔EMB.操作者共4人,均在有EMB经验人员指导下完成50例后开始独立操作.术中和术后12h进行血压和心电监测,术后作胸片观察有无气胸和血胸,作心电图和超声心动图与术前对照评价有否新出现的传导阻滞、心包积液和瓣膜反流.结果 4.5年间147例患者共进行了439次EMB.其中15例心肌病和1例怀疑心脏肿瘤的患者各进行了1次EMB;131例原位心脏移植的患者共进行423次EMB,平均3.2次/人.未发生心肌穿孔、血性胸腔积液和气胸等主要并发症.次要并发症中持续>24 h的右束支传导阻滞1例(0.23%),暂时(持续<24 h)右束支传导阻滞2例(0.47%),无房室传导阻滞、非持续室性心动过速或心房颤动发生.其他并发症--超声心动图发现4例患者(0.91%)新出现三尖瓣轻至中量关闭不全.所有并发症长期随访均未发现后遗症.结论 熟练的操作者在透视下经右颈内静脉行EMB的并发症非常少见.

Safety analyses from 439 patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy via the right internal jugular vein approach

Objective Primary indications for endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) include heart transplant rejection surveillance and identifying cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. EMB procedures have not yet gained widespread acceptance because of concerns about possible complications associated with EMB procedures. In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed the incidence of major and minor EMB procedure-related complications of 439 EMBs during the past 4.5 years. Methods From May 2004 to November 2008, 15 patients with cardiomyopathy and 1 patient with suspected cardiac tumor underwent 16 EMB procedures and 131 heart transplant recipients underwent 423 EMB procedures with the use of a modified Cordis bioptome. All EMB procedures were made via the right internal jugular vein approach and RV septum EMBs were performed under fluoroscopic guidance without additional echocardiographic monitoring. Operators were allowed to perform EMB procedure alone if a minimum of 50 EMB procedures had been previously supervised by a senior operator and all EMBs were performed by 4 operators. All patients underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), 12-hour continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring, chest X-ray and transthoracic echocardiography before and after EMB procedures to obtain a detailed evaluation of the incidence of conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias, pericardial effusions and worsening valve insufficiency. Results There was no major complications like cardiac tamponade, hemothorax and pneumothorax. Minor complications such as conduction abnormalities including temporary RBBB (lasting <24 h after EMB procedures) were found in2 cases (0.47%) and sustained RBBB (>24 h) was evidenced in 1 case (0.23%). There were no A-V block, complex ventricular arrhythmias or episodes of atrial fibrillation during and post procedure. In addition, 4 cases (0.91%)of EMB induced mild-moderate tricuspid regurgitation during the procedure were diagnosed by echecardingraphy. Conclusion The EMB procedure via the right internal jugular vein approach under fluoroscopic guidance is safe and associated with a very low complication rate when performed by experienced operators.