Staphylococcus aureus: A pathogen with still unresolved issues |
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| Institution: | 1. University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, 48149 Münster, Germany;2. University Heilbronn, GECKO Institute of Medicine, Informatics and Economy, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany;3. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands;1. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;5. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Gilan, Iran;1. Service des urgences-SMUR du centre hospitalier Gabriel Martin, 38, rue Labourdonnais CS 11045, 97166 Saint-Paul, Reunion;2. Centre René Labusquière, (Institut de Médecine tropicale), Université Victor Segalen, 33000 Bordeaux, France;3. Laboratoire de microbiologie, centre hospitalier universitaire, site de Saint-Pierre, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion;4. Service de maladies infectieuses, centre hospitalier universitaire, site de Saint Pierre, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion;5. Service de réanimation pédiatrique, centre hospitalier universitaire, site Felix Guyon, allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint-Denis, Reunion;6. Laboratoire de microbiologie, centre hospitalier universitaire, site Felix Guyon, allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint-Denis, Reunion;7. Service de réanimation polyvalente, centre hospitalier universitaire, site Felix Guyon, allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint-Denis, Reunion;1. Departments of Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;2. Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland;3. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;4. Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The Canberra Hospital and School of Clinical Medicine, Australian National University, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;5. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;6. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;7. Microbiology Laboratory, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada;8. Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada;9. Department of Infectious Diseases, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden;1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran;3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;5. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;6. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, and considerable research efforts have been put forward to improve our understanding of its complex pathogenesis. In spite of these efforts, the burden of staphylococcal infections is still on the rise. This review focuses on a selected set of crucial unresolved questions regarding this pathogen, namely: (i) the nature of the driving forces behind the rise and decline of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones; (ii) the mechanisms by which a commensal becomes a pathogen; (iii) the molecular underpinnings of toxin overexpression in hypervirulent MRSA clones such as USA300; and (iv) the repeated failures of anti-S. aureus vaccine approaches. |
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| Keywords: | MRSA Molecular epidemiology Bacterial toxins Gene expression regulation Vaccine strategy |
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