Catheter Ablation of the Atrioventricular Junction Using a Helical Microwave Antenna: A Novel Means of Coupling Energy to the Endocardium

Catheter ablation with either direct current defibrillator discharges or radiofrequency energy produces tissue injury via current flow from an electrode into the adjacent myocardium. In order to affect tissue at a distance, excessive power density may be produced at the electrode-tissue interface with the possibility of explosive gas formation or coagulum formation. A novel microwave catheter was developed with a helical antenna distally. This coil, although not in direct contact with the endocardium, radiates an electromagnetic field into the tissue that, in turn, causes thermal injury. The utility of this system for ablation was assessed in six dogs. The antenna catheter was introduced percutaneously and positioned so as to record the largest His electrogram. Microwave power (50 watts at 2,450 MHz) was applied for 114 +/- 118 seconds. Complete AV block was produced in all six animals with 1.8 +/- 1.2 applications. There was no ventricular ectopy or change in blood pressure during microwave ablation. One dog died 6 days after ablation. The remaining five dogs had persistent, complete AV block during 6 weeks of follow-up. Pathological analysis at 6 weeks revealed a large (mean 2.8 x 4.7 mm) fibrovascular scar in the region of the AV junction. Percutaneous microwave ablation of the endocardium appears feasible. By radiating an electromagnetic field without direct contact, this system can produce large lesions without being limited by desiccation of tissue and impedance rise.