The influence of cognitive bias on the perceived odor, irritation and health symptoms from chemical exposure |
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Authors: | P Dalton Charles J Wysocki Michael J Brody Henry J Lawley |
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Institution: | (1) Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Fax:+1 (215) 898-2084; email: pdalton@pobox.upenn.edu, US |
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Abstract: | Objective: Responses to volatile chemicals are often subjective and variable, both over time and across individuals. Although variability
can derive from differences in individual olfactory sensitivity, the response to a chemical stimulus is also influenced by
the complex environment surrounding the exposure, which can include the perceiver’s cognitive state. To explore the role of
cognitive bias in chemical exposures, we evaluated whether information about the consequences of exposure to acetone could
influence ratings of odor and irritation during exposure and/or the frequency or intensity of reported health symptoms following
exposure. Methods: Ninety adults (mean age 33.7, range 25–64) with no history of occupational exposure to solvents, were exposed to 800 ppm
acetone in a chamber for 20 min. To control for non-specific responses to the odor of acetone, the subjects were also exposed
for 20 min to 200 ppm phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), a nonirritant volatile chemical that produces a distinct odor but does not
elicit irritation in the vapor phase. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups (n=30/group); each group was given either a positive, negative or neutral bias towards the consequences of exposure to the chemicals
in the study. During exposure, subjects rated the intensity of odor and irritation; following exposure, they completed symptom
questionnaires. Results: During the 20-min exposure to acetone, the positive bias group exhibited the most adaptation to its odor and the lowest perceived
irritation; following exposure they reported the fewest health symptoms. In contrast, the negative bias group rated higher
levels of odor intensity and, on average, reported the most overall irritation; following exposure they reported significantly
more health symptoms than the other groups. None of the demographic variables studied (e.g., age, gender, race, smoking status)
were predictive of the response to odor or irritation. The perceived irritancy of acetone was well predicted by a linear combination
of the perceived odor of acetone and the perceived irritation from PEA (the nonirritant), r
2=0.73. Conclusions: The results provide strong evidence that both the perceived odor and cognitive expectations about a chemical can significantly
affect how individuals respond to it. Moreover, because naive control subjects appear to exhibit extreme variation in their
cognitive evaluations of chemical effects, there may be limited value in using non-exposed controls to assess the irritancy
of chemicals for worker populations.
Received: 7 May 1996/Accepted: 20 September 1996 |
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Keywords: | Olfaction Irritation Response bias Health symptoms Acetone |
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