预防术后肺部并发症对改善食管切除术临床结果的重要性

食管切除术后食管癌患者预后可能与包括患者年龄、肿瘤分期、手术方式、术后并发症在内的许多因素有关。肺部并发症是食管切除术后的主要并发症和死亡原因。许多研究显示,导致食管切除术后肺部并发症发生的术前因素包括高龄、营养不良及心肺储备低下（术前放化疗是否会增加术后肺部并发症发生率尚不明确）：手术因素包括术中大量失血、手术时间过长、进展期食管癌、近端食管癌、手术范围过大如McKeown切除加三野淋巴结清扫：术后因素包括心房颤动、喉返神经损伤、吞咽异常。可能的预防措施有：术前戒烟、积极的术后排痰、恢复进食前要确保吞咽机制的完整性。

Improving outcomes after esophagectomy: the importance of preventing postoperative pneumonia

Outcomes after esophagectomy may be related to many factors, including the age of the patient, the stage of the tumor, the operative approach, and the incidence of postoperative morbidity. Pulmonary complications are the major source of morbidity and mortality following esophageal resection, and numerous studies have identified various factors associated with these complications. Preoperative factors affecting pulmonary complications include advanced age, poor nutritional status, and poor cardiopulmonary reserve, whereas preoperative chemoradiation therapy is not clearly associated with increased pulmonary complications. Intraoperative factors associated with increased rates of pulmonary complications include increased blood loss, prolonged operative times, advanced or proximal esophageal tumors, and more extensive operations, including the McKeown resection with three-field lymph node dissection.Postoperative factors associated with pulmonary complications include the development of atrial fibrillation, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and aspiration or other abnormality of deglutition.Potential maneuvers to limit the severity of pulmonary complications include smoking cessation prior to surgery,aggressive pulmonary toilet, and documentation of intact swallowing mechanisms prior to the resumption of oral intake after surgery.