Inescapable shock activates serotonergic neurons in all raphe nuclei of rat |
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Authors: | Takase Luiz F Nogueira Maria Ines Baratta Michael Bland Sondra T Watkins Linda R Maier Steven F Fornal Casimir A Jacobs Barry L |
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Institution: | Departmento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. |
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Abstract: | Animal studies examining the effects of stress upon brain serotonergic neurons have not presented a clearcut and consistent picture. One stressor that has been shown to exert a consistently strong effect on serotonin release and c-fos activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats is a series of inescapable electrical shocks. Using immunohistochemical double labeling for c-fos activation and serotonin, we examined the effects of delivering 100 inescapable tailshocks to rats on serotonergic neuronal activation throughout the brainstem raphe system. This stimulus exerted a consistent and strong activation of the entire midline brain stem system of serotonergic neurons. The implications of these findings for animal models of human psychopathology are discussed. |
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