Exposure to secondhand smoke and depression and anxiety: A report from two studies in the Netherlands |
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Authors: | Mariska Bot Jacqueline M Vink Gonneke Willemsen Johannes H Smit Jacoline Neuteboom Cornelis Kluft Dorret I Boomsma Brenda WJH Penninx |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Good Biomarker Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | ObjectivePrevious population-based studies suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is related to increased depressive symptoms and poor mental health among non-smokers. We examined whether these associations could be replicated in two independent Dutch samples.MethodsNon-smoking adults were selected from two studies: 1) the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), comprising individuals with current and remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and healthy controls and 2) the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), comprising twin-family studies on health-related behaviors. In both studies, SHS exposure was assessed with plasma cotinine levels (1–14 ng/ml vs. < 1 ng/ml). In NESDA, outcomes were current depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and depression and anxiety symptom severity scores. In NTR, the Adult Self Report derived DSM-subscales for depressive and anxiety problems, and anxious depressive scores were analyzed.ResultsIn NESDA non-smokers (n = 1757), increased plasma cotinine level (≥ 1 ng/ml) was not related to current depressive and/or anxiety disorders odds ratio (OR) 0.96, P = .77], nor to depression or anxiety severity indicators. Similarly, in NTR non-smokers (n = 1088) cotinine levels ≥ 1 ng/ml were not associated with the DSM-subscale for depressive problems unstandardized regression coefficient (B) 0.04, P = .88], nor to other depression and anxiety measures.ConclusionsIn non-smoking adults from patient and population samples, we found no evidence that plasma cotinine levels were related to either depressive and/or anxiety disorders, or to depressive and anxiety symptoms. This suggests that SHS exposure is not related to depression and anxiety in non-smoking adults. |
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Keywords: | Anxiety Cotinine Depression Passive smoking Secondhand smoke |
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