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Exploring the genetic link between RLS and ADHD |
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| Authors: | B.G. Schimmelmann S. Friedel T.T. Nguyen C.I. Ganz Vogel C. Wilhelm T.J. Renner H. Palmason S. Walitza C. Freitag M. Linder A. Warnke B. Herpertz-Dahlman J. Hebebrand |
| Affiliation: | a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and -Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, LVR Klinikun Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany b Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany c Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory, Berlin, Germany d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany e Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany f Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland h Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany i Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany j Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezirksklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany k Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany |
| Abstract: | Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood onset. Clinical and biological evidence points to shared common central nervous system (CNS) pathology of ADHD and restless legs syndrome (RLS). It was hypothesized that variants previously found to be associated with RLS in two large genome-wide association studies (GWA), will also be associated with ADHD.SNPs located in MEIS1 (rs2300478), BTBD9 (rs9296249, rs3923809, rs6923737), and MAP2K5 (rs12593813, rs4489954) as well as three SNPs tagging the identified haplotype in MEIS1 (rs6710341, rs12469063, rs4544423) were genotyped in a well characterized German sample of 224 families comprising one or more affected sibs (386 children) and both parents.We found no evidence for preferential transmission of the hypothesized variants to ADHD. Subsequent analyses elicited nominal significant association with haplotypes consisting of the three SNPs in BTBD9 (χ2 = 14.8, df = 7, nominal p = 0.039). According to exploratory post hoc analyses, the major contribution to this finding came from the A-A-A-haplotype with a haplotype-wise nominal p-value of 0.009. However, this result did not withstand correction for multiple testing.In view of our results, RLS risk alleles may have a lower effect on ADHD than on RLS or may not be involved in ADHD. The negative findings may additionally result from genetic heterogeneity of ADHD, i.e. risk alleles for RLS may only be relevant for certain subtypes of ADHD. Genes relevant to RLS remain interesting candidates for ADHD; particularly BTBD9 needs further study, as it has been related to iron storage, a potential pathophysiological link between RLS and certain subtypes of ADHD. |
| Keywords: | Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder RLS Genome-wide association study |
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