Adhesion molecules in normal and pathological corneas

Background: Adhesion molecules are cell surface receptors that are probably important in various cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions of the cornea. Method: In this immunohistochemical light-microscopic study we analyzed the expression pattern of adhesion molecules in normal and pathological human corneas (cases of corneal inflammation and degenerative disorders). The analyzed molecules included the 1 integrin or VLA family VLA-1-6, the 2 integrins or leukocyte integrins LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95, the immunoglobulins LFA-3, CD2, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and the selectins ELAM-1 and GMP-140. Results: Inflamed cornea (in contrast to normal cornea). On corneal epithelium, increased expression of the 2 subunit of VLA-2 was detected and ICAM-1 was induced on the basal epithelial cells. On corneal stromal keratocytes, LFA-3 was induced and expression of the subunits of VLA-1-6 and ICAM-1 was increased. On vascular endothelium, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 were induced and ICAM-1 and GMP-140 expression was increased. On corneal endothelium, ELAM-1 was induced and increased levels of the 1 subunit of VLA-1 and GMP-140 were expressed. Degenerative disorders (in contrast to normal cornea): In corneas with degenerative disorders we found decreased expression of adhesion molecules. Conclusion: Inflammatory cytokines increase the expression of the adhesion molecules. Increased expression of the VLAs probably promotes cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-3, ELAM-1 and GMP-140 expression was increased on vascular endothelium in inflamed corneas. Corresponding receptors on leukocytes probably enable a selective recruitment of different leukocyte populations in inflammatory corneal diseases. The decreased expression of adhesion molecules in corneal degenerative disorders is probably a sign of reduced cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.