肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

目的 探讨6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌的病因、临床诊断及治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌患者的临床资料,对肿瘤的发生原因、临床诊断和治疗结果进行了总结.结果 6例患者肾移植术后均采用环孢素A(CsA)或他克莫司(Tac)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+泼尼松(Pred)的三联免疫抑制方案;并以抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)或达利珠单抗进行免疫诱导.6例患者发生肿瘤的时间在肾移植术后2～48个月,平均为26个月.除1例是在使用B型超声波复查时发现膀胱肿瘤外,其余患者均以间歇性血尿为首发症状,临床症状发生后通过B型超声波、尿找脱落瘤细胞、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影及CT明确诊断,并经内窥镜下取材活检证实.6例患者均为非同时发生的尿路上皮多器官癌,非同时发生肿瘤的间隔期为1.5～15个月.每例患者均因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2～5次肿瘤切除术,其中1例行全膀胱切除术及移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术,1例行全膀胱切除术、移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术及全尿道切除术.术后均通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星和表柔比星等进行化疗.治疗效果满意,但复发率高.结论 肾移植术后并发的尿路上皮多器官癌与免疫抑制剂的使用密切相关;并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌往往进展快,易扩散和转移,因此,应注重患者移植后的筛查,做到早期诊断,积极治疗,慎重对待移植肾切除.

Diagnosis and treatment of multifocal urothelial carcinomas of kidney recipients following renal transplantation

Objective To analyze the etiology, clinical diagnosis and outcomes of 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following transplantation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 cases of multifocal urothelial carcinomas following renal transplantation in our center. Results Six patients were diagnosed as having multifocal urothelial carcinomas, including 1 case of related renal transplantation. Five cases were diagnosed by painless gross hematuria 2～48 months after renal transplantation, and I patient was diagnosed as having bladder tumors by B-uhrasound. All lesions happened un-simultaneously, from 1.5～16 months, and each case accepted operation 2～5 times. One case accepted radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft, and one accepted radical cystectomy, cutaneous ureterostomy of the graft and urethrectomy. All of 6 cases received OKT3 or Daclizumab as the induced-immunosuppressive therapy and tacrolimus or cyclosporine A + mycofenolate mofetil + steroid as the maintenance therapy. Intravesical chemotherapy started in all patients immediately after the surgery. All operations were successful and most patients got satisfactory results. Conclusions Kidney recipients have a higher rate of transitional cell carcinomas which are characterized by easy metastasis, and mostly have unsatisfactory prognosis. Kidney recipients with hematuria should be examined carefully with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography and cystourethroscopy. A routine examination at regular intervals after transplantation is very important.