High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among middle-aged and elderly individuals in northwestern China: Its relationship to osteoporosis and lifestyle factors |
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| Institution: | 1. Dept. of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Dept. of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. Dept. of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Marmara University, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Luebeck, Germany;3. Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA;1. Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;2. Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute (IOR), Bologna, Italy;3. Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;4. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA;5. Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy;6. Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy;7. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;8. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA;1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA |
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| Abstract: | PurposeVitamin D deficiency has reached epidemic proportions; this deficiency has been associated with osteoporosis and certain lifestyle factors in adults. This relationship is not well documented among the Lanzhou population in northwest China. This study sought to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its risk factors in addition to its relationship with osteoporosis in a Chinese population living in Lanzhou.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 2942 men and 7158 women aged 40–75 years who were randomly selected from 3 communities in the Lanzhou urban district and examined medically. Levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D 25(OH)D] and other parameters were measured according to detailed inclusion criteria. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL. Calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS).ResultsThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D levels < 20 ng/mL) was present in 75.2% of the entire study population. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in women (79.7%) than in men (64%; P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors of vitamin D deficiency included coronary heart disease (CHD), obesity, dyslipidemia, older age, female sex, and smoking (all P < 0.05), whereas tea intake, moderate physical activity, milk intake, vitamin D supplementation and sun exposure were protective (all P < 0.05). No significant difference in calcaneus BMD measured by QUS was noted between subjects with < 20 ng/mL and ≥ 20 ng/mL vitamin D levels (0.53 ± 0.13 vs. 0.54 ± 0.13; P = 0.089). The risk of having osteoporosis did not increase when vitamin D levels decreased from ≥ 20 ng/mL to < 20 ng/mL after multiple adjustments (OR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.85–1.16; P = 0.357).ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly northwestern Chinese population and is largely attributed to CHD, obesity, dyslipidemia, older age, female sex, and smoking. Reduced 25(OH)D levels are not associated with an increased osteoporosis risk. |
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