The Effects of Isocaloric Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled or Comparative Trials |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas;2. Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas;3. Academic Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas;4. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada;1. Boston Combined Residency Program, Boston Children’s Hospital & Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;2. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;3. Trisomy 21 Program, Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, The Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;4. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;5. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;1. Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, School of Natural Health Arts & Sciences, Bastyr University, Seattle, Washington;2. Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware;3. Research and Academic Consultant, Crozet, Virginia;4. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;5. College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama;6. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, Illinois;1. Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain;2. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain;3. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;4. Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;5. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan;6. Somnogen Canada Inc., College Street, Toronto, Canada;7. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;8. The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;9. Department of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center and Pulmonary Service, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA6, Saudi Arabia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundIntermittent fasting (IF) has gained favor as an alternative regimen to daily caloric restriction (DCR). Therefore, there is a need for systematic reviews of randomized controlled/comparison trials examining the effects of isocaloric IF vs DCR on metabolic risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases.ObjectiveTo systematically investigate the effects of isocaloric IF vs DCR on metabolic risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases in adults with overweight and obesity.MethodsFive online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published from January 2000 through April 2022. The updated Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment tool for randomized controlled/comparison trials was used to assess risk of bias in the included studies. This review includes randomized controlled/comparison trials with matched energy intakes (isocaloric) between IF and DCR among adults with overweight and obesity with ≥8-week durations, that assessed risk factors related to obesity and for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers.ResultsThirteen randomized controlled/comparison trials with matched energy intakes (isocaloric) between IF and DCR were identified. The effects of IF on weight loss and metabolic risk markers of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers were varied but generally comparable with DCR. IF (4:3 and 5:2 diets) was superior to DCR for improving insulin sensitivity in two studies. Reductions in body fat were significantly greater with IF (5:2 diet and time-restricted eating) than DCR in two studies of isocaloric diets.ConclusionsWith matched energy intakes, IF interventions produced similar beneficial effects for weight loss and chronic disease risk factors compared with DCR. Very limited evidence suggests that IF may be more effective vs DCR for fat loss and insulin sensitivity, but conclusions cannot be drawn based on the current evidence. Future clinical studies with larger populations and longer durations are needed for further elucidation of any potential effects of IF regimens for prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases. |
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| Keywords: | Intermittent fasting Time-restricted eating Obesity Chronic disease Systematic review |
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