Monitoring of brevetoxins in the Karenia brevis bloom-exposed Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). |
| |
Authors: | Steven M Plakas Edward L E Jester Kathleen R El Said Hudson R Granade Ann Abraham Robert W Dickey Paula S Scott Leanne J Flewelling Michael Henry Patricia Blum Richard Pierce |
| |
Institution: | Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA. steven.plakas@fda.hhs.gov |
| |
Abstract: | Brevetoxin uptake and elimination were examined in Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to recurring blooms of the marine alga Karenia brevis in Sarasota Bay, FL, over a three-year period. Brevetoxins were monitored by in vitro assays (ELISA, cytotoxicity assay, and receptor binding assay) and LC-MS, with in vivo toxicity of shellfish extracts assessed by the traditional mouse bioassay. Measurements by all methods reflected well the progression and magnitude of the blooms. Highest levels recorded by mouse bioassay at bloom peak were 157 MU/100g. Oysters were toxic by mouse bioassay at levels >or=20 MU/100g for up to two weeks after bloom dissipation, whereas brevetoxins were measurable by in vitro assays and LC-MS for several months afterwards. For the structure-based methods, summed values for the principal brevetoxin metabolites of PbTx-2 (cysteine and cysteine sulfoxide conjugates), as determined by LC-MS, were highly correlated (r(2)=0.90) with composite toxin measurements by ELISA. ELISA and LC-MS values also correlated well (r(2)=0.74 and 0.73, respectively) with those of mouse bioassay. Pharmacology-based cytotoxicity and receptor binding assays did not correlate as well (r(2)=0.65), and were weakly correlated with mouse bioassay (r(2)=0.48 and 0.50, respectively). ELISA and LC-MS methods offer rapid screening and confirmation, respectively, of brevetoxin contamination in the oyster, and are excellent alternatives to mouse bioassay for assessing oyster toxicity following K. brevis blooms. |
| |
Keywords: | Karenia brevis Brevetoxins Eastern oyster Monitoring |
本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录! |
|