Emotional behavior and the brain.

Basic behaviors were defined as those controlled by the hypothalamus, and emotion and instinct were defined as the drives of such behaviors. A learning method showed that fear-escape is obtained from the medial hypothalamic area except for the ventromedial nucleus. It was suggested that some neural systems responsible for threat, attack, rush and retreat are overlapped in the ventromedial nucleus. Functions of the amygdala and the septum were discussed in relation to hypothalamic activity in emotional behavior. A behavioral sequence composed of stimulation, classical conditioning, drive, reward learning and behavior was discussed, and learning, anxiety in neuroses and Morita therapy were examined from the viewpoint of the behavioral sequence.