外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤的关节镜下分型和处理

目的: 提出外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤的关节镜下分型,并评估关节镜下缝合钩全内缝合治疗外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤的疗效。方法: 选取2014年4月至2017年10月因外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤接受关节镜手术的患者146例,不包括盘状半月板患者,其中男性81例,女性65例,年龄19~44岁,平均(34.7±3.7)岁。左膝54例,右膝92例。合并有前交叉韧带损伤107例,内侧副韧带损伤39例,内侧半月板损伤48例。术前Lysholm 评分(57.7±9.2)分,国际膝关节文献委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee, IKDC))膝关节评分(54.1±8.9)分。关节镜术中依据外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤的范围及程度进行分型,并对该区域损伤采用关节镜下缝合钩全内缝合治疗。合并前交叉韧带损伤患者,以自体腘绳肌腱作为移植物进行关节镜下前交叉韧带单束重建,内侧副韧带Ⅲ级损伤采用带线锚钉缝合治疗,内侧半月板损伤采用全内缝合修复手术。结果: 在146例外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤的患者中,86例外侧半月板腘肌腱区撕裂未累及腘肌腱裂孔(Ⅰ型,58.9%);36例前和/或后腘半月板纤维束撕裂(Ⅱ型,24.7%); 24例撕裂累及腘肌腱裂孔(Ⅲ型,16.4%)。对于Ⅰ型,又分为三种亚型,包括Ⅰa型:纵向撕裂(n=53,61.6%),Ⅰb型:水平撕裂(n=27,31.4%),Ⅰc型:放射状撕裂(n=6,7.0%);对于Ⅱ型,也有三种亚型,包括Ⅱa型:前腘半月板纤维束撕裂(n=5,13.9%),Ⅱb型:后腘半月板纤维束撕裂(n=20,55.6%),Ⅱc型:前后腘半月板纤维束撕裂(n=11,30.6%);对于Ⅲ型,有两种亚型,包括Ⅲa型:水平撕裂(n=9,37.5%),Ⅲb型:放射状撕裂(n=15,62.5%)。所有患者平均随访(15.3±2.6)个月,在最后一次随访中,Lysholm 评分(84.6±14.3)分,IKDC评分(83.2±12.8)分,与术前评分相比均有显著改善(P<0.01)。结论: 关节镜下外侧半月板腘肌腱区损伤可分为三种类型,能较好地概括此区域损伤的特点;关节镜下缝合钩全内缝合治疗该区域损伤,可避免缝合腘肌腱或缩窄腘肌腱裂孔,有较好的临床疗效。

Arthroscopic classification and management for the popliteal hiatus of the lateral meniscus tears

Objective: To bring forward an arthroscopic classification of the popliteal hiatus of the lateral meniscus (PHLM) tears and to assess the effects of arthroscopic all-inside repair with suture hook in management of such injuries. Methods: This study involved 146 patients who underwent arthroscopic operation because of PHLM tears from April 2014 to October 2017, eliminating the patients who had discoid lateral meniscus. There were 81 males and 65 females, with 54 left knees and 92 right knees. The average ages were (34.7±3.7) years. Among the selected participants, there were 107 patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, 39 patients with medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries, and 48 patients with medial meniscus tears. The average preoperative Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were 57.7±9.2 and 54.1±8.9, respectively. The arthroscopic classification was based on the extent and degree of PHLM tears and using the arthroscopic all-inside repair with suture hook for such injuries. For the patients associated with ACL injuries, the ipsilateral autograft hamstring tendons use as the reconstruction graft for single bundle ACL reconstructions. The suture anchors were used for treatment of MCL Ⅲ injuries, and the arthroscopic all-inside repair for medial meniscus tears. Results: A total of 146 PHLM tears in 146 patients were divided into type Ⅰ (tears not involved in popliteus tendon incisura; n=86, 58.9%), type Ⅱ (tears involved in popliteomeniscal fascicles; n=36, 24.7%), and type Ⅲ (tears involved in popliteus tendon incisura; n=24, 16.4%). For type Ⅰ, there were three subtypes, including type Ⅰa: longitudinal tear (n=53, 61.6%), type Ⅰb: horizontal tear (n=27, 31.4%), and type Ⅰc: radial tear (n=6, 7.0%). For type Ⅱ, there were also three subtypes, including type Ⅱa: anterosuperior popliteomeniscal fascicle tear (n=5, 13.9%), type Ⅱb: posterosuperior popliteomeniscal fascicle tear (n=20, 55.6%), and type Ⅱc: both tears (n=11, 30.6%). For type Ⅲ, there were two subtypes, including type Ⅲa: horizontal tear (n=9, 37.5%), type Ⅲb: radial tear (n=15, 62.5%). In the follow-up for an average of 15.3±2.6 months, all the patients had done well with significantly improved Lysholm (84.6±14.3) and IKDC (83.2±12.8) scores at the end of the last follow-up relative to preoperative scores (P>0.01). Conclusion: We propose that it is possible to classify lateral meniscus tears at the popliteal hiatus region for three types, which can summarize the injury characteristics of this area. The arthroscopic all-inside repair with suture hook for the PHLM tears can avoid stitching to popliteal tendon or narrowing popliteal hiatus and have satisfactory clinical results.