Contemporary treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is the 14th most common cancer worldwide. It is a heterogeneous group of histopathological entities, of which the most common is clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Approximately 20–30% of patients present initially with metastatic disease and an additional 20% will progress after radical surgical treatment. Metastatic disease that is non-feasible for surgical treatment remains incurable. Numerous studies have demonstrated that—with the introduction of new drugs—the treatment outcomes of metastatic disease have improved. The development of new therapies as well as the optimization and individualization of procedures allow us to hope for further progress in this area.