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The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of HIV/SIV |
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| Authors: | Lianna F. Wood Ann Chahroudi Hui-Ling Chen Heather B. Jaspan Donald L. Sodora |
| Affiliation: | 1. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;2. School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanda, GA, USA;3. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;4. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;5. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Correspondence to: Don Sodora 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500 Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA Tel.: +1 206 256 7413 Fax: +1 206 256 7229 e-mail: don.sodora@seattlebiomed.org |
| Abstract: | The global spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is dependent on the ability of this virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing a mucosal membrane. Unraveling how mucosal exposure of HIV results in systemic infection is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the immune events associated with the oral route of transmission (via breastfeeding or sexual oral intercourse), which occurs across the oral and/or gastrointestinal mucosa. Studies in both humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey models have identified viral changes and immune events associated with oral HIV/SIV exposure. This review covers our current knowledge of HIV oral transmission in both infants and adults, the use of SIV models in understanding early immune events, oral immune factors that modulate HIV/SIV susceptibility (including mucosal inflammation), and interventions that may impact oral HIV transmission rates. Understanding the factors that influence oral HIV transmission will provide the foundation for developing immune therapeutic and vaccine strategies that can protect both infants and adults from oral HIV transmission. |
| Keywords: | HIV SIV oral transmission inflammation SIV natural hosts mucosal immunity |