中国部分城市住宅室内空气中重要污染物的调查研究

目的调查中国部分城市住宅室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醛、氨和氡的污染状况。方法在每个城市中随机选择装修完成时间一年之内的住宅作为监测对象,测定室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯系物、总挥发性有机化合物和氡的浓度,在入户监测的同时,进行住宅室内状况调查。调查时间为2002年5月至2004年11月。采样点高度保持在呼吸带,采样时间为30分钟。甲醛、氨、苯系物和总挥发性有机化合物分别采用AHMT分光光度法、纳氏试剂比色法和TenaxTA吸附/二次热解吸/毛细管气相色谱法,氡的测量采用α径迹探测器法。结果甲醛、氨、总挥发性有机化合物的平均浓度分别为(0.16±0.16)、(0.12±0.15)、(2.18±12.94)mg/m3;苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的平均浓度分别为(124.04±272.60)、(258.90±672.98)、(189.68±561.16)μg/m3;氡浓度算数平均值和几何平均值分别为(43.8±37.7)和37.4Bqm-3。结论住宅室内装修污染的主要污染物为甲醛、苯系物、TVOC。26个主要城市室内氡浓度的监测结果可基本反应出我国室内氡的水平、超标比率、变化趋势。

Investigation of key indoor air pollutants in residence in part of the cities in China

OBJECTIVE: To investigate indoor air pollution levels of total volatile organic compound (TVOC), benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, ammonia and radon in residence houses in part of the cities in China. METHOD: The residence houses decorated within 12 months were selected simple randomly. Indoor air pollutants monitoring and epidemiology investigation were carried out from May 2002 to November 2004. The location of sampling was in respiratory area. The time of sampling were 30 minutes. Tenax TA adsorption/thermal desorption/ capillary gas chromatography was used to measure the concentration of TVOC, benzene, toluene and xylene. 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole (AHMT) spectrophotometry was used to measure the concentration of formaldehyde. Nessler's reagent colorimetric method was used to measure the concentration of ammonia. The alpha-track detector method was used for radon measurement. RESULTS: The concentration of formaldehyde, ammonia, TVOC were (0.16 +/- 0.16), (0.12 +/- 0.15) and (2.18 +/- 12.94) mg/m3 respectively. The concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylenewere (124.04 +/- 272.60), (258 .90 +/- 672.98) and (189.68 +/- 561.16) microg/m3 respectively. The arithmetical and geometric average of radon were 43.8 +/- 37.7 and 37.4 Bqm(-3) respectively. CONCLUSION: Formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and TVOC were the most important pollutants in decorated houses. The radon measurement results of 26 cities may reflect the indoor radon concentration, the rate of over standard and the pollution tendency in China. The investigation of radon pollution could be the largest scale and has the most important influence in recent 20 years in China.