Estradiol treatment modulates spontaneous sleep and recovery after sleep deprivation in castrated male rats

Exogenous estradiol (E) is used occasionally to treat the side effects associated with androgen-deprivation in men, but its effects on sleep patterns have received little attention. We examined whether E modulates sleep patterns and recovery from sleep loss in castrated male rats. Adult male rats were castrated and implanted subcutaneously with Silastic tubes containing either oil (Cast + Oil) or E (Cast + E). Sham-operated male rats (Intact) were implanted with oil-filled tubes. All rats were also implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes for sleep/wake recordings. After two weeks, polysomnographic recordings were made before, during, and following 6 h of sleep deprivation (SD). At baseline, the Cast + Oil group showed sleep and EEG patterns similar to those in the Intact group. Compared to these groups, the Cast + E group spent more time awake during the dark (active) phase, and showed higher EEG theta power (a measure of cortical activation) during wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both the light and dark phases. Following SD, the Cast + E group showed a larger increase from baseline in REM sleep amount, compared to the Cast + Oil group. The Cast + Oil group showed prolonged rebound in non-REM sleep and EEG delta power, and reduced REM sleep rebound, compared to the other two groups. These results indicate that E treatment in castrated male rats promotes baseline wakefulness during the active phase, and facilitates recovery of REM sleep after acute sleep loss. The possible benefit of E treatment for improving sleep quality in androgen-deprived men remains to be investigated.