Partial volume rat lung irradiation; assessment of early DNA damage in different lung regions and effect of radical scavengers.

PURPOSE: These studies were designed to examine radiation-induced in-field and out-of-field DNA damage in rat lung as a function of dose and various volumes of irradiation. They also determined whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) protected against this damage. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The whole lung, or various volumes of the lower or upper lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to doses up to 20 Gy of 60Co gamma rays. Radiation-induced DNA damage was quantified in fibroblasts obtained at 18 h after irradiation from both irradiated and shielded lung regions using a micronucleus assay. The radioprotective role of SOD (CuZnSOD: 10 mg/kg body weight; MnSOD: 50-100mg/kg body weight) and L-NAME (0.2 mg/kg body weight.) in vivo was determined by injecting them into rats 30 min before or immediately after a dose of 10 Gy. RESULTS: Micronucleus formation was approximately linear with dose up to 15 Gy. When 70% of the lung volume was irradiated with 10 Gy, irradiated lower lung gave similar numbers of micronuclei (MN)/binucleate cell (BN) to that observed following whole lung irradiation (0.91 MN/BN), whereas the irradiated upper lung gave only 0.66 MN/BN. Following lower lung irradiation, the shielded upper lung (30% of lung volume) showed substantial (out-of-field) damage (0.43 MN/BN). When 30% of the lung was given 10 Gy, irradiated upper or lower lung showed similar amounts of in-field damage (0.43 MN/BN) but this was smaller than that seen following irradiation of 70% of the lung volume. For 30% lower lung irradiation, the shielded upper lung showed only a small out-of-field effect (0.1 MN/BN). For both volumes of irradiation there was a similar or smaller effect in the shielded lower lung after upper lung irradiation. Injection of SOD before or L-NAME after 10 Gy to the lower 70% lung volume resulted in a reduction in DNA damage both in-field and out-of-field but the percentage was much greater for out-of-field damage (50-60%) than for in-field damage (10-30%). Following whole lung irradiation (10 Gy) significantly greater DNA damage was observed in fibroblasts from the left lung than from the right lung (0.93 MN/BN vs. 0.82 MN/BN). Following whole lung irradiation there was no significant difference in DNA damage observed in fibroblasts from the lower lung and the upper lung. CONCLUSIONS: With partial lung irradiation the lower lung sustains more in-field DNA damage following irradiation than the upper lung, whereas out-of-field effects are observed primarily in the upper lung (i.e. following lower lung irradiation). Following whole lung irradiation the left lung sustains more damage than the right lung but there is no difference between the upper and lower lung. The protective effects of SOD and L-NAME suggest that inflammatory cytokines induced by the irradiation may be involved in the initiation of a reaction resulting in the production of reactive oxyradicals and nitric oxide that cause indirect DNA damage both in and out of the radiation field.