Robust gut associated vaccine-specific antibody-secreting cell responses are detected at the mucosal surface of Bangladeshi subjects after immunization with an oral killed bivalent V. cholerae O1/O139 whole cell cholera vaccine: Comparison with other mucosal and systemic responses

The emergence of V. cholerae O139 serogroup of V. cholerae capable of causing severe dehydrating cholera has over the decade led to efforts in formulation of vaccines to protect against this pathogen. Although the prevalence of diarrhea due to V. cholerae O139 has recorded a decrease, efforts on vaccine development continues to formulate an oral vaccine capable of stimulating the gut mucosal system. We have studied the mucosal immunogenicity in Bangladeshi adults to a killed whole cell (WC) bivalent cholera vaccine composed of V. cholerae O139 as well as V. cholerae O1 strains together with the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) (WC-O1/O139/CTB) and compared the immune responses to that obtained with the licensed monovalent cholera vaccine, Dukoral (WC-O1/CTB). Direct estimation of the WC-O1/O139/CTB vaccine-specific mucosal responses were carried out using lymphocytes isolated from duodenal biopsies, intestinal lavage fluid and feces. The vaccine induced robust antibody-secreting cell responses in the duodenum specific to CTB as well as the O1 and O139 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Magnitude of response was higher in the gut than in the circulation in all three antibody isotypes. The CTB and LPS-specific mucosal antibody responses were also seen in intestinal lavage fluid and fecal extracts. Vibriocidal antibody responses in plasma were observed to both the V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups (76% and 57% response rates, respectively). Plasma IgA and IgG responses to CTB and IgA responses to both O1 and O139 LPS were elevated. The immune responses were comparable to that seen to the monovalent WC-O1/CTB recipients in all components studied. Overall, the bivalent cholera vaccine induces strong mucosal responses and the addition of the O139 component does not interfere with the responses to the licensed vaccine Dukoral. This sets the ground for testing such vaccines in large field trials in Bangladesh and also demonstrates that addition of other vibrio components to the existing cholera vaccine does not alter the responses to the O1 vaccine components.