50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征和药物治疗分析

目的 总结Gitelman综合征(Gitelman syndrome, GS)患者的临床特征及药物治疗情况，以提高临床诊疗水平。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2019年12月北京协和医院临床诊断为GS且住院治疗患者的临床资料。对其临床表现、实验室检查、肾穿刺活检病理特征以及药物治疗情况进行归纳，并根据是否使用螺内酯，分为单纯补钾组和联合螺内酯组，比较两组的治疗效果。结果 共纳入50例GS患者，其中男性30例，女性20例；平均年龄(30.78±13.99)岁。最常见的临床表现为乏力(54.0%,27/50),其他临床表现包括四肢无力(40.0%,20/50)、肢体麻木(26.0%,13/50)、软瘫(26.0%,13/50)、心悸(16.0%,8/50)、夜尿增多(14.0%,7/50)。入院时血钾(2.55±0.45)mmol/L,血镁(0.64±0.20)mmol/L,24 h尿钾(92.25±41.33)mmol, 24 h尿镁(3.75±2.14)mmol, 24 h尿钙0.68(0.38,1.32)mmol;血气分析结果显示，29例(58.0%)发生代谢性碱中毒；31例接受卧...

Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and Drug Therapies of Gitelman Syndrome

  Objective  To analyze the clinical characteristics and medical treatment of patients with Gitelman syndrome(GS) for further improvement.  Methods  A retrospective study was conducted on patients with GS hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January, 2008 to December, 2019. Their clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, pathological features, and drug treatments were summarized. In addition, according to whether spironolactone is used or not, these patients were divided into a simple potassium supplementation group and a spironolactone-combined group. The effect of treatment between the two groups were compared.  Results  The male to female ratio of 50 patients was 1.5∶1(male: 30, female: 20), and the age at first diagnosis was (30.78±13.99) years old. Among the 50 patients, the most common clinical manifestation was fatigue (54.0%, 27/50), and other clinical manifestations included limb weakness (40.0%, 20/50), limb numbness (26.0%, 13/50), flaccid paralysis (26.0%, 13/50), palpitation (16.0%, 8/50), and nocturia (14.0%, 7/50). At admission, they had serum potassium (2.55±0.45)mmol/L, serum magnesium (0.64± 0.20)mmol/L, 24 h urine potassium (92.25±41.33)mmol, 24 h urine magnesium (3.75±2.14)mmol, and 24 h urine calcium 0.68(0.38, 1.32)mmol. The blood gas analysis Results suggested that most patients had metabolic alkalosis. Seven patients (14.0%, 7/50) underwent renal biopsy, showing 1 case of glomerular mesangial hyperplasia, 5 cases of obvious hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular apparatus, and 1 case of no obvious hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular apparatus. All the 50 patients received oral potassium supplementation of (1.62±1.25)mmol/(kg·d). 46 patients (92.0%, 46/50) were treated with potassium chloride sustained-release tablets (1.5-12 g/d) for potassium supplementation, while 19 patients (38.0%, 19/50) received regimens containing oral solution of 20% potassium citrate (40-200 mL/d, 2-4 times/d). In addition, potassium magnesium aspartate (2-15 tablets/d) was used in 37 patients (74.0%, 37/50), and spironolactone (20-240 mg/d) in 32 patients (64.0%, 32/50). For 2 patients (4.0%, 2/50), calcium and magnesium tablets (3 tablets/d) were applied. To be noted, the increase of serum potassium after treatment in the spironolactone-combined group was significantly higher than that in the simple potassium supplement group (1.07±0.61)mmol/L vs. (0.73±0.59)mmol/L, P < 0.05]. At discharge, the serum potassium was (3.49±0.44)mmol/L, and the serum magnesium was (0.67±0.16)mmol/L in 50 patients.  Conclusions  GS occurs more often in adolescents and adults, but is also witnessed in children. It is characterized most commonly by fatigue, and accompanied by other clinical manifestations like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Symptomatic treatment is its main therapy, and the combination of spironolactone can improve the effect of potassium supplementation. Patients with GS have favorable prognosis.