化工企业职业危害风险评估及干预效果分析

目的探讨干预措施对企业职业危害风险的影响。方法于2003—2009年期间采用问卷调查、现场检查、现场检测等方法对珠三角地区（广州、惠州）的84家化工企业进行职业危害风险预评估、干预及其效果评价。采用风险评价法,建立可行性评价模型（包括危害等级的判定、职业卫生管理的考评评定、工人接触职业病危害因素剂量水平的评定、职业病发生风险评定）,分析其干预前后职业危害风险的变化。结果干预前84家企业危害等级从低至高依次为：极低~极高5级,构成比分别为2.4%、7.1%、20.2%、31.0%、39.3%;职业卫生管理风险等级评定干预前、后各年份比较差异均有统计学意义（P（0.01）,其中干预后第5年为低风险（3级及以下）的企业82家,比干预前（30家）增多,高风险（4级及以上）的企业从干预前的54家减少至2家,比干预后第1年（0家）有所增加;接触职业病危害因素剂量水平风险等级干预前、后各年份比较差异均有统计学意义（P（0.01）,其中干预后第5年为低风险（3级及以下）的企业77家,比干预前（39家）增多,高风险（4级及以上）企业7家,比干预前（45家）减少,比干预后第1年（0家）有所增加。结论实施干预措施能明显降低化工企业在职业卫生管理与劳动者接触剂量水平方面的职业危害风险,但须防止高风险的回归。

Risk assessment and intervention for occupational hazards in chemical enterprises

Objective To discuss impacts of intervention measures on the risk of occupational hazards in chemical enterprises.Methods The survey,on-site inspection and site detection was conducted for pre-occupational hazard risk assessment,intervention and effect evaluation in 84 chemical enterprises in Guangzhou and Huizhou cities during the period 2003 to 2009.Risk assessment method was used to establish the feasibility assessment model（including the determination of hazard classes,the evaluation of occupational health management,occupational hazard assessment of exposure dose levels,and the risk assessment of occupational diseases）,to analyze the changes of occupational hazard risks before and after the interventions. Results Before the intervention,the five hazard classes from low to high were ranked at 84 companies,and the proportions were 2.4%,7.1%,20.2%,31.0%,and 39.3%,respectively,the changes of occupational health management risk rating for each year before and after intervention were significantly different（P0.01）,in which 82 enterprises became low risk（level 3 and below） in the first 5 years after the intervention,while 30 enterprises were at low risk before intervention,and the number of enterprises in high-risk（level 4 and above） decreased from 54 to 2.There were significant differences（P0.01） for risks of dose levels of exposure to occupational hazards risk before and after the intervention,in which 77 enterprises were at low risk（level 3 and below） in 5 years after the intervention,while 39 enterprises were at low risk before the intervention;and the number of enterprises in high-risk（level 4 and above） decreased from 45 to 7.Conclusion Implementation of the intervention can significantly reduce risks of occupational hazards in aspects of occupational health management and exposure dose levels.