立体栽培模式对三七产质量影响及其栽培土壤氮磷钾养分变化特征研究

以立体栽培(上中下3层)三年生三七及种植土壤为研究对象,比较分析了其与大田栽培三七产质量差异和土壤氮磷钾养分年度变化特征。结果表明,与大田栽培相比,立体栽培三七长势和相同面积产量均显著降低,但单位面积产量总和为大田栽培的1.6倍;上中下3层长势和产量均表现为上层 >中层 >下层;立体栽培三七上层剪口、主根和筋条皂苷含量均高于大田栽培,而中层和下层皂苷含量则显著低于大田栽培。立体栽培土壤有机质含量和pH变化趋势与大田一致,呈随种植时间延长而下降的趋势;上中下层有机质含量均显著高于大田土壤,pH则显著低于大田土壤。立体栽培三七土壤氮磷钾全效养分和速效养分年度变化均表现为随种植时间的延长而下降,不同栽培模式氮素和磷素含量均表现为上层 >中层 >大田 >下层,钾素含量表现上层 >中层 >下层 >大田。与大田栽培相比,氮素和磷素在上层三七的地下部(筋条、主根和剪口)所占比例升高,中下层地下部比例降低,钾素在各层地下部所占比例均显著降低。由此可见,虽然立体栽培下三七相同面积产量显著低于大田栽培,但单位面积下的总产量显著高于大田,达到了提高土地利用率的目的;立体栽培土壤养分能够满足三七生长需求,其并非造成三七长势弱、单产低的主要原因;立体栽培模式下的三七吸收氮磷钾养分能力降低,因此从调整栽培结构角度增强三七长势从而提高其养分吸收能力是今后努力方向。

Research on output and quality of Panax notoginseng and annual change characteristics of N, P and K nutrients of planting soil under stereo-cultivation

The output and agronomic characters of 3-year-old Panax notoginseng cultured under stereo structure(upper, middle and down layers)were investigated, and the annual change of N, P and K of its planting soil were also studied. Results showed that, compared with field cultured Panax notoginseng, growth vigour and output of stereo-cultivation were significantly lower. But the total production of the 3 layers was 1.6 times of field. The growth vigor and production of P. notoginseng was in the order of upper layer >middle layer >down layer. The content of ginsenoside in rhizome, root tuber and hair root of P. notoginseng was in the order of upper layer >field >middle layer >down layer. Organic matter content and pH of stereo-cultivation soil decreased with the prolonging of planting time, which with the same trend of yield. Organic matter content of stereo-cultivation soil was significantly higher than field, but the pH was significantly lower. Contents of total and available N, P and K in stereo-cultivation soil and field decreased with the prolonging of planting time. The content of N and P were in the order of upper layer >middle layer >yield >down layer, the content of K was in the order of upper layer >middle layer >down layer >yield. Compared with field, the proportion of N and P in the organ of underground(rhizome, root tuber and hair root)of upper layer were increased, while decreased in middle and down layers. Proportion of K in underground decreased significantly of the 3 layers. In conclusion, the agronomic characters and production of stereo-cultivation were significantly lower than that of yield. But the total production of the 3 layers were significantly higher than field of unit area. And the aim of improving land utilization efficiency was achieved. Nutritions in the soil of stereo-cultivation were enough to support the development of P. notoginseng, which was not the cause of weak growth and low production. The absorbing ability of P. notoginseng to N, P and K nutrients was decreased by stereo-cultivation mode. So, improve the growth vigour of P. notoginseng from the perspective of adjusting the stereo-cultivation mode so as to improve the nutrient absorption capacity is the future direction