Regulatory guidelines do not accurately predict tolvaptan and metabolite interactions at BCRP,OATP1B1, and OAT3 transporters

Tolvaptan (TLV) was US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved for the indication to slow kidney function decline in adults at risk of rapidly progressing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in 2018. In vitro, TLV was a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, whereas the oxobutyric acid metabolite of TLV (DM‐4013) was an inhibitor of organic anion transport polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and organic anion transporter (OAT)3. Based on the 2017 FDA guidance, potential for clinically relevant inhibition at these transporters was indicated for the highest TLV regimen. Consequently, two postmarketing clinical trials in healthy subjects were required. In trial 1, 5 mg rosuvastatin calcium (BCRP and OATP1B1 substrate) was administered alone, with 90 mg TLV or 48 h following 7 days of once daily 300 mg TLV (i.e., in the presence of DM‐4103). In trial 2, 40 mg furosemide (OAT3 substrate) was administered alone and in presence of DM‐4103. For BCRP, rosuvastatin geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals [CIs]) for maximum plasma concentration (C_max) were 1.54 (90% CI 1.26–1.88) and for area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUC_t) were 1.69 (90% CI 1.34–2.14), indicating no clinically significant interaction. DM‐4103 produced no clinically meaningful changes in rosuvastatin or furosemide concentrations, indicating no inhibition at OATP1B1 or OAT3. The BCRP prediction assumed the drug dose is completely soluble in 250 ml; TLV has solubility of ~0.01 g/250 ml. For OATP1B1/OAT3, if fraction unbound for plasma protein binding (PPB) is less than 1%, then 1% is assumed. DM‐4103 has PPB greater than 99.8%. Use of actual drug substance solubility and unbound fraction in plasma would have produced predictions consistent with the clinical results.

Study Highlights

• WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created a guidance for estimating the potential for clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) at BCRP, OATP1B1, OAT3, and other transporters. The predictions use various assumptions. For example, for BCRP, it is assumed that inhibitory drug is completely soluble in 250 ml. For OATP1B1 and OAT3, if plasma protein binding for inhibitor is greater than 99%, then fraction unbound is set to 1%.

• WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?

These studies addressed if the predictions for clinically relevant DDIs at BCRP for tolvaptan and at OATP1B1 and OAT3 for the oxobutyric acid metabolite were correct and interactions were observed.

• WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?

As there were no clinically relevant interactions, the results support the consideration of drug solubility for BCRP and actual plasma protein binding for OATP1B1 and OAT3 in the predictions of clinically relevant DDIs.

• HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?

Assumptions used in the prediction of clinically relevant DDIs would be revised.