Advances in understanding the molecular basis of the first steps in color vision |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland;2. Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior, Bonn, Germany;3. Life and Medical Sciences Institute LIMES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany;2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey;3. Department of Family Medicine, University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey;4. Department of Biostatistics, Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary, Konya, Turkey;5. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;1. John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;2. Polgenix, Inc., Department of Medical Devices, 5171 California Ave., Suite 150, Irvine, CA, USA 92617;3. Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 92697;4. Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland;5. Baltic Institute of Technology, Al. Zwyciestwa 96/98, 81-451, Gdynia, Poland;6. Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland;7. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA |
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| Abstract: | Serving as one of our primary environmental inputs, vision is the most sophisticated sensory system in humans. Here, we present recent findings derived from energetics, genetics and physiology that provide a more advanced understanding of color perception in mammals. Energetics of cis–trans isomerization of 11-cis-retinal accounts for color perception in the narrow region of the electromagnetic spectrum and how human eyes can absorb light in the near infrared (IR) range. Structural homology models of visual pigments reveal complex interactions of the protein moieties with the light sensitive chromophore 11-cis-retinal and that certain color blinding mutations impair secondary structural elements of these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Finally, we identify unsolved critical aspects of color tuning that require future investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Color vision Cone photoreceptor(s) Visual pigments Spectral tuning Energetics Color blindness Vision Retina BCM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0055" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" blue cone monochromacy CR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0065" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cone-rod homeobox ECL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0075" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" extracellular loop isomerization energy thermal activation energy photochemical activation energy GPCR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0115" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" G protein-coupled receptor IR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0125" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" infrared LCR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0135" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" locus control region L/LWS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0145" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" human red long wavelength sensitive LWS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0155" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" long wavelength sensitive MD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0165" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" molecular dynamics M/LWS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0175" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" human green long wavelength sensitive MWS or Rh2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0185" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" medium wavelength sensitive NRL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0195" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" neural retina leucine zipper NR2E3" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0205" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3 PR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0215" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" promoter region QM/MM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0225" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics RAL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0235" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" retinal RER" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0245" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" rhodopsin enhancer region Rh1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0255" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" rhodopsin SWS1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0265" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" short wavelength sensitive type 1 first electronically excited singlet state ground electronic state UV" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0295" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" ultraviolet |
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