免疫检测信号放大技术研究进展

随着疾病早期诊断及生物标志物开发、功能界定等需求的出现,免疫检测技术的灵敏度不足这一问题日益显著,如何提高检测灵敏度去突破瓶颈成为现在生物分析领域的一个重大挑战。对检测信号进行放大是提高检测灵敏度最直接的一种方法。生物素-亲和素系统(biotin-avidin system,BAS)、酪胺信号放大技术(tyramide signal amplification,TSA)以及免疫-聚合酶链反应(immuno-polymerase chain reaction,Im-PCR)是较为经典的信号放大技术,可显著提高免疫检测的灵敏度。近年来,研究发现,基于催化信号分子沉淀的信号放大技术、基于纳米颗粒的信号放大技术及基于杂交链式反应的信号放大技术等信号放大手段的出现,使得免疫检测的灵敏度可以进一步提高3个数量级。本文将针对近年来研究较多的几种用于免疫检测信号放大的技术进行总结,并对其优缺点进行比较分析,以期为已开发的信号放大技术向临床转化及进一步开发超高灵敏度的免疫学检测技术提供参考。

Research progress in signal amplification for immunoassays

With the requirements of early diagnosis,biomarker development and functional definition,the challenge of sensitivity of immunoassay has become increasingly prominent.How to improve it to break the bottleneck has become a major challenge in the field of bioassays.Amplifying the immunosignal is the most direct method to improve detection sensitivity.Biotin-avidin system(BAS),tyramide signal amplification(TSA)and immuno-polymerase chain reaction(Im-PCR)are the most classic signal amplification techniques which significantly improved the sensitivity of immunoassays.In recent years,studies have confirmed that the sensitivity of immunoassays can be further increased by approximately three orders of magnitude with the invention of techniques including catalyzed reporter deposition-based signal amplification,nanotechnologies-based signal amplification and hybridization chain reaction-based signal amplification.Herein,we will summarize the techniques that have been developed in recent years for amplifying the signals of immunodetection and comparatively analyze their advantages and disadvantages in order to provide reference for the developed techniques transformed to clinical application and further research on ultrasensitive immunoassays.