上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评估

目的研究上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险。方法于2016年7—8月,在上海市黄浦、静安、闵行和青浦4区各选择2家游泳场馆,以全部18个游泳池作为研究对象。检测游泳池水中消毒副产物三卤甲烷类(trihalomethanes,THMs,包括三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷)和卤代乙酸类(haloacetic acids,HAAs,包括一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴二氯乙酸和二溴乙酸)的浓度;基于问卷调查,对游泳池人群的消毒副产物暴露特征和水平进行评估,并评价其健康风险。结果除三溴甲烷未检出外,上海市夏季游泳池水中均检出其余8种消毒副产物。其中,三氯甲烷浓度为7.70~101.90μg/L;二溴一氯甲烷浓度为0.20~6.60μg/L;一溴二氯甲烷浓度为0.72~17.90μg/L;一氯乙酸浓度为5~88μg/L;二氯乙酸浓度为6.20~480.10μg/L;三氯乙酸浓度为7.60~613.30μg/L;一溴二氯乙酸浓度为4.17~17.60μg/L;二溴乙酸浓度为0.36~3.90μg/L。人群经皮肤和呼吸道暴露以三氯甲烷最高,人群平均致癌风险均小于1×10~(-5),非致癌风险远低于1。结论上海市夏季游泳池水人群消毒副产物经皮肤和呼吸道的致癌和非致癌风险都在可接受水平。

Exposure and health risk of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water in summer in Shanghai

Objective To know the level of exposure and health risk of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water in summer in Shanghai.Methods From July to August in 2016,in Huangpu,Jingan,Minhang and Qingpu districts of Shanghai,two swimming venues in each district were selected as the study field (total number of swimming pools was 18).The concentrations of trihalomethanes 0HMs,including chloroform,bromoform,chlorodibromomethane,dichlorobromomethane) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs,including monochloroacetic acid,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid,bromodichloroacetic acid,dibromoacetic acid) in these swimming pools were determined.Based on the questionnaire survey,the characteristics and levels of exposure of DBPs in swimming pool were evaluated and the health risk of population were assessed.Results In summer,in the four districts of Shanghai,excluded bromoform,all the other eight DBPs were detected in the swimming pools.Among them,the chloroform contents were 7.70-101.90μg/L,dibromochloromethane content was 0.20-6.60 μg/L,bromodicloromethane contents were 0.72-17.90 μg/L,monochloroacetic acid contents were 5-88 μg/L,dichloroacetic acid contents were 6.20-480.10 μg/L,trichloroacetic acid contents were 7.60-613.30 μg/L,bromodichloroacetic acid contents were 4.17-17.60 g/L,dibromoacetic acid contents were 0.36-3.90 μg/L.The prominent disinfection by-product of swimming crowd exposure through the skin and respiratory was chloroform.The average carcinogenic risk of population was less than 1 ×10-5 and the noncarcinogenic risk of population was far below 1.Conclusion In summer,the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water through the skin and respiratory in Shanghai show an acceptable level.