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The Reciprocal Relationship of ASD,ADHD, Depressive Symptoms and Stress in Parents of Children with ASD and/or ADHD |
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| Authors: | Daphne J van Steijn Anoek M Oerlemans Marcel A G van Aken Jan K Buitelaar Nanda N J Rommelse |
| Institution: | 1. Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 2. Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3. Department of Developmental Psychology, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the role of parental Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depressive symptoms on parenting stress in 174 families with children with ASD and/or ADHD, using generalized linear models and structural equation models. Fathers and mothers reported more stress when parenting with their child with ASD and/or ADHD than when parenting with the unaffected sibling; they also experienced more stress than a norm population. Depressive symptoms were most pronounced in the parents of children with ASD and ASD+ADHD. Spouse correlations were found for ASD, depression, and parenting stress. Paternal ASD and maternal ADHD symptoms were related to increased parenting stress, and parental ADHD symptoms with depressive symptoms and parenting stress. The results highlight the increased burden of raising a child with ASD and/or ADHD and the reciprocal relationship this has with parents’ ASD, ADHD, and depressive symptoms, and levels of stress. |
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