Protein antigen-monoclonal antibody contact sites investigated by limited proteolysis of monoclonal antibody-bound antigen: protein "footprinting"

This study describes the use of limited proteolysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-bound antigens in the analysis of the two measles virus surface glycoproteins. This approach is dubbed protein "footprinting" in analogy with DNA "footprinting." Protein footprinting was superior to competitive-binding assays and as good as in vitro mAb-selected variant analysis in differentiating among mAbs with various specificities to a given protein. Proteolytic digestion of the antigen prior to mAb binding drastically reduced mAb binding resulting in poor differentiation among mAbs. In contrast, protein footprinting showed that some mAbs retained the ability to immunoprecipitate such fragments. Thus footprinting could be used for localization of mAb epitopes on a protein and proved also to be an effective means of distinguishing among mAb-selected variants differing in single epitopes. Conformational changes caused by heat-denaturation or the binding of anti-antibody to an antigen-antibody complex could also be detected by footprinting.