In vitro and in vivo safety assessment of edible blue-green algae, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing and Spirulina plantensis |
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Authors: | Yue YangYoungki Park David A. CassadaDaniel D. Snow Douglas G. RogersJiyoung Lee |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA b Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA c School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA |
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Abstract: | Blue-green algae (BGA) have been consumed as food and herbal medicine for centuries. However, safety for their consumption has not been well investigated. This study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro and in vivo toxicity of cultivated Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP). Neither NO nor SP contained detectable levels of microcystin (MC)-LA, MC-RR, MC-LW and MC-LR by LC/MS/MS. Cell viability remained ∼70-80% when HepG2 cells were incubated with 0-500 μg/ml of hexane, chloroform, methanol and water-extractable fractions of NO and SP. Four-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93G/M diet supplemented with 0%, 2.5% or 5% of NO and SP (wt/wt) for 6 months. For both genders, BGA-rich diets did not induce noticeable abnormality in weight gain and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations except a significant increase in plasma ALT levels by 2.5% NO supplementation in male mice at 6 month. Histopathological analysis of livers, however, indicated that BGA did not cause significant liver damage compared with controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that NO and SP are free of MC and the long-term dietary supplementation of up to 5% of the BGA may be consumed without evident toxic side-effects. |
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Keywords: | AFA, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ALT, aminotransferase AST, aspartate aminotransferase BGA, blue-green algae BMAA, β-methylamino- smallcaps" >l-alanine FBS, fetal bovine serum LC/MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry MC, microcystins NO, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kü tzing SP, Spirulina platensis |
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