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Edible wild vegetable, Gymnaster koraiensis protects retinal ganglion cells against oxidative stress
Authors:Kyung-A Kim  Kui Dong Kang  Eun Ha LeeChu Won Nho  Sang Hoon Jung
Affiliation:a Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute, Daejeon-dong, Gangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea
b Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Abstract:This study was conducted to determine whether Gymnaster koraiensis is effective at blunting the negative influence of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on the retinas of rats and on oxidative stress induced cell death in transformed retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5).The ethyl acetate fraction of G. koraiensis (EAGK) and the isolated compound, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), were shown to significantly attenuate the negative effect of H2O2 on the RGC-5 cells tested by various procedures.The inclusion of EAGK or 3,5-DCQA in the culture reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and replenished the reduced glutathione levels caused by various radical species such as H2O2, O2radical dot or radical dotOH. Moreover, EAGK or 3,5-DCQA inhibited lipid peroxidation caused by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in rat brain homogenates.From in vivo experiments, the presence of NMDA in the retina affected the thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) in positive ganglion cells. EAGK or 3,5-DCQA protected the thinning of the IPL and increased TUNEL positive cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL).Our results clearly demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of EAGK both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, 3,5-DCQA is suggested to be the active compound of EAGK.
Keywords:DCFH-DA, 2&prime  ,7&prime  -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate   GCL, ganglion cell layer   GSH, glutathione   H2O2, hydrogen peroxide   IOP, intraocular pressure   IPL, inner plexiform layer   MDA, malonedialdehyde   MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide   NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate   NMDA, N-methyl-  smallcaps"  >d-aspartate   PI, propidium iodide   RGCs, retinal ganglion cells   ROS, reactive oxygen species   RP-HPLC, reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography   SNP, sodium nitroprusside   TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling
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