Mother-offspring dialogue in early pregnancy: Impact of adverse environment on pregnancy maintenance and neurobiology |
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| Authors: | Alison J. Douglas |
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| Affiliation: | Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | The mother-offspring dialogue begins even before implantation and is essential to signal pregnancy, establish robust contact, and maintain embryo growth and development. Any circumstance that disrupts the dialogue risks pregnancy problems. A new look at how stress impacts on pregnancy involves its adverse effects on the key pregnancy hormones of progesterone and prolactin. These effects have far-reaching consequences on pregnancy maintenance, maternal anxiety and embryo programming. This review focuses on early pregnancy and how stress might compromise the multi-layer, two-way communication between mother and embryo. |
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| Keywords: | CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid FSH, follicle stimulating hormone GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GABA, gamma amino butyric acid h, hour hCG, human chorionic gonadotrophin HPA, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal HPG, hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal HSD, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase IL, interleukin IRF, interferon regulatory factor IVF, in vitro fertilization LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor LH, luteinising hormone MAO, monoamine oxidase NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NS, nervous system PIBF, progesterone-induced blocking factor PL, placental lactogen POA, preoptic area PVN, paraventricular nucleus VEGF, vascular epithelial growth factor |
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