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An experimental study of freezing in erythrocytes |
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| Authors: | Kenneth R Diller Ernest G Cravalho Charles E Huggins |
| Institution: | (1) Bio-Medical Engineering Programme, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712 Austin, Texas, USA;(2) Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139 Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA;(3) Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, USA;(4) Blood Bank and Transfusion Service, Masschusetts General Hospital, 02114 Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Abstract: | A unique experimental apparatus (termed cryomicroscope) has been developed for the study of freezing and thawing processes in living cells and has been used specifically to determine the conditions requisite for intracellular freezing in human erythrocytes. Careful measurements of the incidence of intracellular ice formation have been correlated directly with the magnitude of the cooling rate during the freezing process and degree of extracellular supercooling prior to nucleation of ice. The probability for intracellular freezing increases with the magnitudes of both the cooling rate and the extracellular supercooling. A 3-dimensional contour has been defined experimentally by which the frozen state of human erythrocytes can be predicted as a function of these two parameters. The influence of cooling rate and extracellular supercooling on the mode of ice formation may be explained in terms of physiochemical phenomena which are controlled by the balance between the rates of heat transfer and mass transfer across the cell membrane during freezing. |
| Keywords: | Freezing of erythrocytes |
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