肿瘤微环境中外泌体在肿瘤发生发展中作用及机制

外泌体(exosomes)是直径在30~100 nm,内含RNA、脂质和蛋白质的纳米级囊泡,来源于细胞内溶酶体微粒内陷形成的多囊泡体,与细胞膜融合后释放到胞外,是肿瘤微环境中细胞间通讯和遗传物质的重要载体。肿瘤在发生、发展过程中可通过外泌体与肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞、内皮细胞和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞之间相互作用从而促进肿瘤的进展,其携带蛋白质、脂质和核酸等内容物释放到细胞外随着体液运输改变肿瘤微环境、促进肿瘤细胞增殖、加快血管形成及促进癌症发展;肿瘤微环境是由肿瘤细胞、巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞及细胞外基质等共同构成的局部稳态环境,在癌症的发生、复发、转移和化疗耐药等过程中发挥重要的作用。本综述着重讨论外泌体的生物学特性及对肿瘤微环境的影响,为研究及诊断治疗肿瘤提供新的思路。

Role and mechanism of exosomes in tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis and development

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with diameters of 30-100 nm,containing RNA,lipids and proteins. Exosomes are polyvesicles formed by intracellular lysosomal particles,which are fused with the cell membrane and released to the extracellular environment. It is an important carrier of cellular communication and genetic material in tumor microenvironment. During the process of tumor development,exosomes interact with immune cells,endothelial cells and tumor-related fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment to promote tumor progression. It carries proteins,lipids,nucleic acids and other contents released to the outside of the cell to change the tumor microenvironment,promotes the proliferation of tumor cells,accelerates the formation of blood vessels and promotes the development of cancer. Tumor microenvironment is a local stable environment composed of tumor cells,macrophages,fibroblasts and extracellular matrix,which plays an important role in the occurrence,recurrence,metastasis,chemotherapy resistance and other processes of cancer. This review focuses on the biological characteristics of exosomes and their impact on tumor microenvironment,providing new ideas for the research,diagnosis and treatment of tumors.