Lead and cadmium concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, and amniotic membranes |
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| Authors: | H Korpela R Loueniva E Yrj?nheikki A Kauppila |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland;2. Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health Oulu, Finland;1. Department of Radiotherapy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China;2. Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine Shanghai, China;1. Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia;2. Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;1. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt;3. Natural Products Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;1. Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK;2. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK;3. Aston Medical Research Institue, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK |
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| Abstract: | The lead and cadmium concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid were determined in 19 parturient women at delivery. Six placental and amniotic membrane tissue specimens were also investigated. The mean lead concentrations (mean +/- SD) in maternal (40.4 +/- 18.2 ng/ml) and umbilical cord (37.1 +/- 13.5 ng/ml) blood were similar and correlated significantly with each other (r = 0.77, p less than 0.001). The lead concentration in amniotic fluid (59.6 +/- 8.3 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in maternal or umbilical cord blood. Cadmium concentrations in maternal blood (1.1 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) and amniotic fluid (1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in umbilical cord blood (0.4 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) and there was no significant correlation among these values. The highest concentrations of cadmium (35.1 +/- 24.2 ng/gm of wet weight) and lead (87.3 +/- 154.2 ng/gm of wet weight) were found in the amniotic membranes. Our results show that lead and cadmium accumulate in amniotic fluid and amniotic membranes and that the distribution of lead and cadmium is different in the human maternal-fetoplacental unit. The fetal exposure to lead is similar and that to cadmium, lower, compared with maternal exposure. The inability of the placenta to totally prevent the fetus from exposure to lead and cadmium suggests that pregnant women should avoid occupations where exposure to these toxic elements is possible. |
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