胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤分类及病理学进展

胃神经内分泌癌（gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma，G-NEC）发病率极低。患者确诊时多数已处于晚期，且通常比胃腺癌更具侵袭性，更易发生脉管癌栓、神经侵犯及术后肝转移。目前治疗方法有限且尚未形成统一的规范化方案，导致患者预后较差。随着人类G-NEC的基因组图谱的构建，识别出MYC作为疾病的关键驱动因子，开发小鼠模型来研究其分子和细胞特征，通过大规模的遗传和药理筛选，为理解G-NEC的生物学特性及治疗提供了新的思路。目前对于G-NEC的发病机制、分子生物学特征、临床病理特点及诊治仍缺乏足够的认识，为进一步提升对该疾病的系统认知，本文对国内外文献进行系统总结，旨在为G-NEC的大样本临床基础转化研究提供系统的理论支持。

Insights into gastric neuroendocrine tumors burden

Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (G-NEC) is a rare malignancy, constituting a small percentage of all gastric cancers. G-NEC is typically diagnosed at advanced stages and exhibits more significant invasiveness than gastric adenocarcinoma, with a higher propensity for vascular invasion, nerve infiltration, and postoperative liver metastasis. Current treatment options are limited and lack standardization, leading to a poor prognosis. Recent studies have elucidated the genomic landscape of human G-NEC, identifying MYC as a pivotal oncogenic driver and establishing a murine model to investigate its molecular and cellular characteristics. Genetic and pharmacological screening has yielded novel insights into the biology and therapeutic approaches for G-NEC. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, molecular biological characteristics, clinical pathology, and diagnosis and treatment of G-NEC. To advance the systematic comprehension of this condition, this article aims to systematically review domestic and international literature, with the goal of offering theoretical support for large-scale clinical translational research on G-NEC.