云南省水富市小兽及其体表蚤类的组成与分布

目的 了解水富市小兽与其体表蚤类的群落结构和分布特征,为鼠传疾病的监测和防控提供参考。方法 2019年5月在水富市4个乡镇海拔在300~1 500 m的居民区、农耕地和林地3种生态环境,选取8个样区,用笼夜法和5 m夹线法捕获小兽,梳捡其体表寄生蚤,对小兽和蚤分类鉴定,并计算群落生态学指标。结果 共捕获小兽140只,隶属于2 目3 科 8 属11 种,优势种为针毛鼠（35.00%）、北社鼠（10.71%）和中国鼩猬（10.00%）。居民区、农耕区和林区的捕获率分别为1.56% 、6.03%和15.21%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=103.64,P<0.001）,在3种生态环境中,居民区的小兽物种丰富度、多样性指数相对较小,而生态优势度高于其他两种生境,农耕区和林区小兽物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度,优势度均无明显区别。小兽物种丰富度在1 000~1 500 m海拔带最高为8种,3个海拔梯度物种多样性指数在1.588~1.839,均匀度指数在0.764~0.945,生态优势度在0.172~0.271,3个海拔带小兽捕获率分别为4.36% 、4.43%和9.69%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=23.98,P<0.001）。共检获寄生蚤41匹,隶属于4科5属7种,优势种为缓慢细蚤（36.59%）和近端远棒蚤二刺亚种（30.77 %）,平均染蚤率为15.71%,总蚤指数为0.29。林区的寄生蚤物种丰富度最高为4种,居民区蚤指数最高为1.357。在不同生境和不同海拔带中,寄生蚤生态优势度均较低,在0.396~0.769之间。结论 水富市小兽与其寄生蚤生物多样性不高,鼠密度和蚤指数相对低,可能与当地生态环境比较单一有关。进一步开展小兽及其体表蚤类等媒介监测对相关自然疫源性疾病的防控具有重要意义。

Composition and distribution of small mammals and their ectoparasite fleas in Shuifu,Yunnan

Objective To understand the distribution characteristics and community structure of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in Shuifu City, so as to provide a basis for monitoring and control of rat-borne diseases. Methods Small mammals and their ectoparasite fleas were captured in the 8 sample areas in three types of landscape areas (residential, agricultural and forest area) with altitudes from 300-1 500 m of 4 townships in Shuifu city in May 2019. Small mammals were captured by cage night method and 5-meter thread trapping method, and fleas were collected from their body surface. The small mammals and fleas were classified and identified, and the community ecological indexes were calculated. Results A total of 140 small mammals were captured in this investigation, belonging to 11 species , 8 genera, 3 families and 2 orders. The dominant species of small mammals were Niviventer fulvescens (35.00%), Niviventer Confucianus (10.71%) and Neotetracus sinensis (10.00%) in Shuifu City. The capture rates of residential areas, agricultural areas and forest areas were 1.56%, 6.03% and 15.21%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=103.64, P<0.001）. The species richness and diversity index of small mammals in the residential area were relatively small. On the contrary, the ecological dominance of the residential area was higher than that of the other two areas; The species richness, diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index of the agricultural area and the forest area were not much different. The species richness of small mammals was the most abundant in the 1 000-1 500 m altitude zone, with 8 species, the diversity index was between 1.588 and 1.839, the evenness index was between 0.764 and 0.945, and the ecological dominance index was between 0.172 and 0.271. There was a statistically significant difference in the capture rate (4.36%, 4.43% and 9.69%) of small mammals in the three altitude zones (χ²=23.98, P<0.001）. A total number of 41 fleas which belong to 7 species, 5 genera, 4 families were collected. The dominant species were Leptopsylla segnis (36.59%) and Aviostivalius klossi bispiniformis (30.77%) in this areas. The flea infection rate of small mammals was 15.71% and flea index was 0.29. The species richness of parasitic fleas in the forest area was the highest with 4 species, residential areas had the highest flea index at 1.357. In different habitats and different altitude zones, the ecological dominance of parasitic fleas was low, ranging from 0.396 to 0.769.Conclusions Biodiversity of small animals and their parasitic fleas are low in Shuifu City, with relatively low rat density and flea index. This may be related to the relatively single local ecological environment. Further monitoring of small mammals and their parasitic fleas is of great significance for the prevention and control of related natural foci diseases.