根据患者类型选择不同类型人工膝关节假体植入后临床应用效果的回顾性分析

背景:人工全膝关节置换术被认为是治疗终末期或严重的膝关节炎的最有效、最成功的手术之一。如何降低假体返修率、提高膝关节置换术后的疗效是亟待解决的主要问题。目的:回顾性分析不同类型人工膝关节假体的临床应用及其疗效。设计:以膝关节置换术后患者为观察对象,手术前后对照观察,以对比不同类型人工膝关节假体置换术后效果。单位:解放军总医院骨科。对象:选择解放军总医院2002-01/2005-01收治的398例患者(523个置换膝关节),其中单膝关节置换术276例,276膝,双膝同时置换122例,244膝。诊断分别为骨性关节炎、类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎。方法:根据患者病情适当选择不同类型人工膝关节假体进行全膝关节置换术。假体的类型包括:①按置换范围,分单髁、全髁型;在全髁置换分为后交叉韧带保留型和后交叉韧带替代型假体。②按限制程度又分限制性、非限制性和半限制性。③按是否模拟半月板功能,又分为胫骨平台垫可旋转滑动型和固定型。半年后对以上患者进行随访,膝关节评分采用美国特种外科医院膝关节评分系统(HSS评分,满分为100分,85分以上为优;70～84分为良;60～69分为尚可;60分以下为差),髌骨评分采用Feller等评分标准(满分30分,得分越高越好),随访时调查膝前区疼痛轻重、膝关节活动范围及稳定程度比较,拍摄膝关节正、侧及髌骨30°,90°轴位X射线片。主要观察指标:患者手术前后HSS评分、髌骨评分、膝前痛评分、髌骨功能评分、膝关节最大屈曲度、股胫角。结果:完成随访372例(490膝),随访率93.4%。①疗效:手术优良率89%。患者术后在疼痛、功能方面都有明显改善,尤其在缓解疼痛及膝关节活动范围方面效果显著。②患者术后随访的HSS评分、髌骨评分、膝前痛评分、髌骨功能评分、最大屈膝度均较术前增加(P<0.01)。③不同类型人工膝关节假体置换术后的HSS评分、髌骨评分、膝前痛评分、髌骨功能评分、最大屈膝度、股胫角比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:依据各种人工膝关节假体的适应证、禁忌证及预期可达到的功能与使用寿命,根据不同的病情,慎重选择适当的假体,均可达到良好的疗效。

Retrospective analysis of the function and clinical applications of different knee prostheses after implantation

BACKGROUND: The total knee replacement is considered as one of the most effective and successful operations to cure terminal or severe gonarthritis. How to lower the revision rate as well as increace the effect of prostheses after the knee replacement should be solved urgently.OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyse the clinical applications and curative effects of different knee prostheses.DESIGN: Based on patients who accepted knee replacement, preoperative and postoperative condition was observed and compared so as to compare the postoperative effect of different types of knee prostheses replacements.SETTING: Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 398 patients (523 knees) were selected from the Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA from January 2002 to January 2005, including 276 unilateral knee replacements (276 knees) and 122 bilateral knee replacements (244 knees). Patients were respectively diagnosed as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), etc.METHODS: According to the pathogenetic condition, patients received total knee replacements with different knee prostheses. Types of knee prostheses: ① According to the replacing range, it could be divided into unicondylar prostheses and total condylar prostheses; total condylar prostheses could be subdivided into posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-retaining and PCL-substituting prostheses. ②According to the degree of mechanical constraint, it could be divided into unconstrained, semiconstrained or fully constrained prostheses. ③ According to whether imitating meniscus-function, it could be divided into tibial plateau rotatable sliding type and fixed type. Follow-up was conducted on patients that mentioned above after half a year. Knee joints were scored by using knee joint scoring system of American special surgical hospital (HSS scoring with the total score of 100 points, those above 85 were considered as excellent; 70-84 as good;60-69 as fair; below 60 as poor). Feller scoring (total score of 30 points; the higher the points were, the better the symptom was) criteria was used in patellar scoring. Investigation and comparison on pain-degree of anterior region of knee,range of motion of knee joint and the stabilization were done during the follow-up, ap and lateral views of patella from 30 degrees and 90 degrees were taken in radiography.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative and postoperative scores of HSS, patella, anterior pain of knee, function of patella, the maximum flexion and tibiofemoral angle.RESULTS: Follow-up was conducted in 372 patients (490 knees) with the follow-up rate of 93.4%. ①Therapeutic effect:Excellent and good rate of the operation was 89%. Pain and function of patients after operation were obviously ameliorated, effect on pain-amelioration and range of motion of knee joint activation were significant. ② Score of HSS, patellar,anterior pain of knee, function of patellar and the maximum flexion were markedly increased than those before operation (P ＜ 0.01). ③ There were no marked significances in comparison of score of HSS, patellar, anterior pain of knee, function of patellar, the maximum flexion and tibiofemoral angle on different knee prostheses replacements (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUTION: Prostheses should be chosen carefully and appropriately according to the indications, contraindications,anticipated attainable functions, service life as well as pathogenetic conditions, and then satisfactory curative effect will accordingly be achieved.