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Glutamate receptors and circuits in the vertebrate retina |
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| Authors: | Wallace B. Thoreson Paul Witkovsky |
| Affiliation: | a Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 600 S 42nd Street, Omaha NE 68198-5540, USA b Departments of Ophthalmology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA |
| Abstract: | We survey the evidence for L-glutamate's role as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of vertebrate retinas. The physiological and molecular properties of glutamate receptors in the retina are reviewed in relation to what has been learned from studies of glutamate function in other brain areas and in expression systems. We have focused on (a) the evidence for the presence of L-glutamate in retinal neurons, (b) the processes by which glutamate is released, (c) the presence and function of ionotropic receptors for L-glutamate in retinal neurons, (d) the presence and function of metabotropic receptors for L-glutamate in retinal neurons, and (e) the variety and distribution of glutamate transporters in the vertebrate retina. Modulatory pathways which influence glutamate release and the behavior of its receptors are described. Emphasis has been placed on the cellular mechanisms of glutamate-mediated neurotransmission in relation to the encoding of visual information by retinal circuits. |
| Keywords: | Abbreviations: AAT, aspartate aminotransferase ACPD, 1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AP4, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid AP5, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid AP7, 2-amino-7-phosphono acid CamKinase II, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II CNS, central nervous system DCG-IV, (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′3′-darboxy-cyclopropyl)glycine DHKA, dihydrokainic acid DHPG, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine Erev, reversal potential GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid Gase, glutaminase GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase HC, horizontal cell ICa, Ca2+ current iGluR, ionotropic glutamate receptor IPL, inner plexiform layer KA, kainic acid Kyn, kynurenic acid mGluR, metabotropic glutamate receptor NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate OPL, outer plexiform layer PDA, piperidine dicarboxylic acid PDE, phosphodiesterase PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase QA, quisqualic acid t-ADA, trans-azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylate |
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